5G Technology Enablers, Regulatory Environment and Business Models Stojan Kitanov stojan.kitanov@unt.edu.mk Faculty of Informatics Mother Teresa University Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia www.unt.edu.mk

Contents Introduction Key Technologies to Enable 5G 5G RAN Architecture Extensions 5G Topology Flexibility Regulatory Environment for 5G 5G Business Models Conclusion

1. Introduction 5G Vision The three main uses: • Massive mobile connectivity, that would enable enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB); • Connectivity of millions of devices, that would enable massive type communication (MTC) • Resilient and Instantaneous Connectivity for ultrareliable and low latency communications (URLLC).

1I. Roadmap Towards 5G

III. Key Technologies to 5G Services

IV. 5G RAN Architecture Extensions New Air Interface CP-OFDM – to introduce flexibility in OFDM and mitigate Inter Symbol Interference Massive MIMO – large numbers of bearers to increase bandwidth in sub-6GHz bands mmWave – provides access to broad frequency bands for higher bandwidths Beam Forming – extends range/cell size for mmWave bands Shortened TTI – reduces latency Flexibility in band sizing – allows previously unavailable bands to be used UE Other RAN innovations CoMP – UE attached to multiple cells to provide greater reliability Small cell support – greater indoor coverage, increased cell density, self-backhauling 5G-NR in unlicensed bands – extension of mobile ecosystem Session management split from mobility management – enabler for RAN slicing D2D, V2X – devices connecting directly, with no network

V. 5G Topology Flexibility Core, Policy VNF Transport VNF MEC (RAN, CN) MEC (RAN, CN) UE C-RAN (V)PDG MEC (RAN, CN) MEC (RAN, CN) MEC (RAN, CN) “Softwarisation” of the network C-RAN – removal of functionality from cell sites to consolidation point in the network MEC and Fog Computing – pushing Core Network functions and content ingress to cell sites, or even to the level of Smart mobile devices CP/UP split – decoupling of user plane traffic from control plane functions

VI. Regulatory Environment for 5G “5G for Europe: An Action Plan” (5G Action Plan). The 700 MHz, 3.6 GHz and 26 GHz bands have been identified as key bands for 5G (at present) 66-71 GHz might meet future needs that exhaust the 26 GHz band (for future needs)

VII. 5G Business Models Service Related Differentiated services

V1I. 5G Business Models Service Related New opportunities from increased demand for ‘connectivity’

V1I. 5G Business Models Service Related New opportunities from increased demand for ‘connectivity’

1I. 5G Business Models Network Related Network Densification

1I. 5G Business Models Network Related Convergence of PPDR-MNO-FWA provision Infrastructure sharing Cost and benefit sharing Network investment Service Development

V. Conclusion 5G network will act as a nervous system of the digital society, economy, and everyday people’s life. The cloud in 5G networks will be diffused among the client devices often with mobility too, i.e. the cloud will become fog. More and more augmented and virtual network functionality will be executed in a fog computing environment, and it will provide mobiquitous service to the users. This will enable new AaaS service paradigms, where devices, terminals, machines, and also smart things and robots will become innovative tools that will produce and use applications, services and data. Small cells are needed to achieve the high data rates needed for 5G and to exploit mmWave bands. In the near term, eMBB is likely to be the main driver of 5G deployment.