Fig. 1 In vitro calibration plots and pH maps using iopamidol in human blood serum. In vitro calibration plots and pH maps using iopamidol in human blood.

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Fig. 1 In vitro calibration plots and pH maps using iopamidol in human blood serum. In vitro calibration plots and pH maps using iopamidol in human blood serum. (A) Structure of iopamidol with exchangeable protons highlighted, which produce CEST contrast at 4.2 and 5.5 ppm at a relative concentration of 2:1. (B) CEST Z-spectra of iopamidol in blood serum at ω1 = 4 μT for pH = 5.3, 6.1, 6.5, 6.9, and 7.3. (C) Calibration plot used to calculate in vitro and in vivo pH; variation of experimental ST ratio at different pH values was given by pH = p1 × (ST ratio)3 + p2 × (ST ratio)2 + p3 × (ST ratio)1 + p4, with p1 = −0.01174, p2 = 0.1653, p3 = −0.927, and p4 = 7.598. The root mean square error of the fit was 0.0714 for pH values from 5.5 to 7.3. (D) pH maps of iopamidol-serum phantom. In the map, pH values below 5.5 were determined inaccurately. (E) Error bar plot representing the accuracy in MRI pH measurements compared to that of electrode pH for iopamidol-serum phantom. Error bars (blue) were obtained by calculating the mean SD in pH over a region of interest (ROI) drawn enclosing the entire tube in the phantom. KowsalyaDevi Pavuluri et al. Sci Adv 2019;5:eaaw8357 Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).