Schematic representation of the complex pathways that regulate the expression of the Mex efflux systems and the porin OprD in P. aeruginosa. Schematic.

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Schematic representation of the complex pathways that regulate the expression of the Mex efflux systems and the porin OprD in P. aeruginosa. Schematic representation of the complex pathways that regulate the expression of the Mex efflux systems and the porin OprD in P. aeruginosa. Red and blue arrows represent activation and repression, respectively. Abbreviations: AG, aminoglycosides; AMPs, antimicrobial peptides; BL, beta-lactams; CA, carbapenems; CI, ciprofloxacin; CM, chloramphenicol; CP, cationic peptides; EM, erythromycin; FQ, fluoroquinolones; ML, macrolides; NB, novobiocin; TC, tetracycline; TI, ticarcillin; TM, trimethoprim; IM, inner membrane; OM, outer membrane; C4-HSL, N-butyryl-l-homoserine lactone; ROS, reactive oxygen species. Lucía Fernández, and Robert E. W. Hancock Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2012; doi:10.1128/CMR.00043-12