INTRO TO CELLS All living thing are composed of _______ or more cells. Each cell is capable of carrying out all of the ________ functions. For example, digestion and _________________ Cells come in different ____________ and sizes to enhance ( ________ ) their functions. Ex. Red blood cells are ___________ and smooth to enable their ________________ through the blood stream. GROUPING OF CELLS: Cells working together = ______________ Tissues working together = ____________ Organs working together = ___________________ Organ systems working together = _____________ one life respiration shapes help round movement tissues organs organ systems organisms

ORGANELLES - Inside the cell are _________ structures called organelles that carry out specific _______. NUCLEUS - ___________ the cell NUCLEAR MEMBRANE - ____________ the nucleus DNA – The ____________ material that condenses into chromosomes CYTOPLASM - Jelly-like ________ of the cell that holds the ______________ CELL (PLASMA) MEMBRANE – Surrounds the cell and lets materials ______ and ______ MITOCHONDRIA - The “ ________________ “ of the cell that does cellular respiration RIBOSOMES - _________________ (make) proteins. Ex. _______, _____________ ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM – A system of tunnels for _____________ of materials small jobs controls surrounds genetic fluid organelles in out powerhouse synthesize hair muscle transport

PLANT CELLS vs. ANIMAL CELLS Plant cells contain _______ the organelles that animal cells do, with ____ major differences. #1 _______________ - Outside the cell membrane, the cell wall ____________ the cell. #2 ______________________ - Contains green chlorophyll to enable the plant to do __________________ #3 Large ________________ to store water, minerals, and wastes 3 all CELL WALL supports CHLOROPLAST photosynthesis VACUOLE

CELLULAR RESPIRATION - In the _____________________ in cells mitochondria CELLULAR RESPIRATION - In the _____________________ in cells of plants & animals, the stored energy of ___________ is mixed with ____________ and converted to the high energy molecule ___________ WORDS: ___________ + ___________  ___________ + ____________ + ________ SYMBOLS: ___________ + ____________  ___________ + ________ + ________ glucose oxygen ATP carbon dioxide glucose oxygen ATP Energy water C6H12O6 O2 ATP Energy CO2 H2O

ATP Energy - ATP = __________________________________ Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is a high ______________ molecule made by ______________ respiration. A good analogy of ATP is a rechargeable _____________. STRUCTURE OF ATP: RELEASE OF ENERGY – When the _______ is broken, energy is released. USES OF ATP ENERGY: ______________ ______________ ______________ Adenosine Triphosphate energy cellular battery bond walking heartbeat thinking

light build chloroplasts solar C6H12O6 CO2 H2O O2 H2O H C both C6H12O6 PHOTOSYNTHESIS PHOTO = _________ SYNTHESIS = _________ In the ______________________ of plant cells, the energy of the sun ( __________ energy) is used to make glucose for the plant. REACTION: ______ + ______  ___________ + _______ + ________ chlorophyll ORGANIC MOLECULES INORGANIC MOLECULES Contain both Hydrogen ____ and Carbon ____ Missing either C or H or ______ Ex. __________ ____________ Ex. _______ ________ ________ YOU DECIDE! Is it Organic (O) or Inorganic (I)? NH3 _______ C2H5OH ______ “During photosynthesis, the inorganic molecules ______ & ______ combine into the energy-rich organic molecule _____________.” light build chloroplasts solar C6H12O6 CO2 H2O O2 H2O H C both C6H12O6 C12H22O11 CO2 H2O H2O2 I O CO2 H2O C6H12O6

LEAF STRUCTURE - The leaf is the main area of photosynthesis in a plant. CO2 enters through the _________ O2 & H2O ________ out of the stoma. The ________ cells close the stoma when there’s not enough _________. The plant can control water ______ when there is a drought. This is an example of: HOMEOSTASIS HOMEO = _________ STASIS = _________ _____ _____ & ______ Homeostasis is maintenance of a constant ______________ internal environment stoma exit guard rain loss same state CO2 O2 H2O healthy

molecules high reached energy high low equilibrium water DIFFUSION The movement of _______________ (other than water) from ________ concentration to low concentration until equilibrium is ______________. No ___________ is required for diffusion. _______ _______ ________________ OSMOSIS – The diffusion of _____________ molecules high reached energy high low equilibrium water

low high ATP Energy opposite pump potassium low high ACTIVE TRANSPORT The movement of molecules from ________ concentration to _______ using the power of __________________. (This is the ________________ of diffusion.) Active transport is used in human cells to ________ in ________________ . ______ _________ low high ATP Energy opposite pump potassium low high

big broken small STARCH glucose PROTEIN amino acid cell hair eat MOLECULES AND THEIR BUILDING BLOCKS Some molecules are too _______ to move across a cell membrane and need to be ____________ down into their __________ building blocks first. Amino acid Once inside the _______ the small molecules can be used as raw materials for the synthesis of other compounds such as _________, enzymes, and stored starch. “You are what you _______.” GLYCOGEN (stored starch in muscles & liver) big broken small TOO BIG MOLECULE SMALL BUILDING BLOCK ____________ Ex. Pasta ___________ (or simple sugar) ____________ Ex. Chicken _________________ STARCH glucose PROTEIN amino acid cell hair eat

CELL (PLASMA) MEMBRANE Functions of the Cell Membrane: 1. Separates the cell from its outside ___________________ 2. Controls which molecules ___________ and __________ the cell. (The cell membrane is “selectively permeable.”) 3. Recognizes messages from ______________ using the specific shape of the hormone and the shape of the protein _____________ molecule. Ex. – When you eat a meal, your blood glucose __________. In response, your pancreas releases the hormone ____________. This tells the cells to let the sugar ______ the cell and blood sugar ________ back down. environment enter exit hormones receptor rises insulin into lowers

SINGLE CELLED ORGANISMS Single celled organisms are in the _______________ kingdom and perform all of the life functions (ex. digestion) using specialized ____________________. 1. AMEBA Ameba live in the __________ and are constantly changing shape using their ____________________. PSEUDO = __________ POD = ________ The pseudopods are also used to surround and engulf ________ particles in a process called ________________________ PHAGO = _______ CYTO = _______ Protist organelles water pseudopods false feet food phagocytosis eat cell

2. PARAMECIUM contractile balance cilia food Both the ameba and the paramecium have an organelle called a __________________ vacuole. This organelle works like a water pump and helps to maintain water _____________. The _________ (little hairs) allow the paramecium to swim. The oral groove is used to sweep in ____________. contractile balance cilia food

Proteins speed catalysts break down synthesize specific fits works ENZYMES Enzymes are: (1) _____________ that _________ up chemical reactions. Enzymes are also called protein _______________. (2) Enzymes can _____________ or _______________ other molecules (3) Each enzyme has a _______________ shape that determines the molecule it _______ with and works on. SUBSTRATE Molecule the enzyme ________ on. ACTIVE SITE Where the enzyme and substrate _______ and the action happens or “ _______________ Model” Proteins speed catalysts break down synthesize specific fits works touch Lock & Key

FACTORS THAT IMPACT ENZYME ACTION (1) TEMPERATURE - Each enzyme has an optimal (_________) temperature to do its work. Most human enzymes work best at _____ °F or ___ °C When enzymes get hot, their shapes __________ or denature. (2) pH – Each enzyme has a best pH (Acid, Base, or _____________) Ex. Most human enzymes work best at a neutral pH of ____. _______ An exception are ___________ enzymes which work best at an acidic pH best 98.6 37 change neutral 7 stomach