Phases of Matter Unit Notes

HEAT Heat is one form of ENERGY. It is sometimes called THERMAL ENERGY. Other forms of energy include: Light Sound Nuclear Kinetic (energy of motion) Potential (stored energy)

Heat is... A measure of how much kinetic energy matter has Particles with high heat are moving at a HIGH average speed Particles with low heat are moving at a LOW average speed

Heat Transfer When we talk about the transfer of heat, we are really talking about transferring KINETIC ENERGY among particles. Heat always moves from the HOTTER object to the COOLER object.

Heat and the Motion of Particles When we add heat (energy to particles), it does WHAT to their motion? Heat increases the motion and energy level of the particles Heating water animation: http://mutuslab.cs.uwindsor.ca/schurko/animations/waterphases/status_water.htm

Phases of Matter GAS is the phase where particles have the most energy There are three main phases of matter: Solid Liquid Gas GAS is the phase where particles have the most energy SOLID is the phase where particles have the least energy

Phases of Matter: Solid Particles have little motion/energy; they are packed/joined together tightly Particles are very organized Do NOT move to fit the shape of their container and do not fill the container (they keep their original shape) It is hard to compress or change the shape of a solid

Phases of Matter: Liquid Particles have more motion/energy; joined together more loosely Particles WILL take on the shape of their container but will not fill it entirely Molecules of a liquid like to stick together. Liquids are hard to compress.

Phases of Matter: Gases Particles have a great deal of energy and do not stick together closely; they bounce around a lot! WILL spread out to fill entire container and fit the shape of the container they are in Gases=vapor Gases are easily compressed

Phases of Matter: Plasma Similar to gases, but made up of ions and electrons of an element Examples: Northern lights, neon lights, stars Require a special environment to exist

Phases of Matter http://mutuslab.cs.uwindsor.ca/schurko/animations/phasesofmatter/phasesofmatter.html

A phase change is when we change from one state of matter to another Phase Changes A phase change is when we change from one state of matter to another Example: A solid changing to a liquid

Names for Phase Changes Solid to liquid: MELTING Liquid to gas: VAPORIZATION or BOILING or EVAPORATION Solid to gas: SUBLIMATION Gas to liquid: CONDENSATION Liquid to solid: FREEZING Gas to solid: DEPOSITION

Names for Phase Changes

Phase Changes HIGH ENERGY: GAS MEDIUM ENERGY: LIQUID Low energy: solid ADD ENERGY MEDIUM ENERGY: LIQUID REMOVE ENERGY Low energy: solid

Phase Changes To go to a state of matter involving MORE energy, we must ADD energy. We can do this by HEATING the substance. Examples: If we heat ice (solid), it will turn into water (liquid), and will eventually boil and turn into water vapor (gas)

Phase Changes To go to a state of matter involving LESS energy, we must REMOVE energy. We can do this by COOLING the substance. Examples: Water vapor (gas) from your hot shower condenses on a cold mirror (liquid). If you leave a window open, it might turn into ice droplets (solid).

Phase Change Graphs

Phase Change Graphs

Phase Change Graphs

Check your understanding What are the three main states of matter? List these three states of matter from the state with the LEAST amount of energy to the state with the MOST energy To go from a gas to a liquid, would you need to ADD energy (heat) or RELEASE energy (cool)?

Melting Points and Boiling Points are Properties of Matter We observed that water MELTS/FREEZES at 0 degrees Celsius We observed that water BOILS/CONDENSES at 100 degrees Celsius Water’s natural state at room temperature (25 degrees Celsius) is as a LIQUID

Different Substances will have Different Boiling Points and Melting Points Z Name Melting Point [°C] Boiling Point [°C] 1 Hydrogen -259.1 -252.9 2 Helium -272.2 -268.9 3 Lithium 180.5 1317 4 Beryllium 1278 2970 5 Boron 2300 2550 6 Carbon 3550 4827 7 Nitrogen -209.9 -195.8 8 Oxygen -218.4 -182.9 9 Fluorine -219.6 -188.1 10 Neon -248.7 -246.1

This results in different natural states at room temperature. Name a substance that is a liquid at room temperature. What is the natural state of oxygen at room temperature? Can you name three substances that are solids as their natural state? If a substance has a boiling point of -100 degrees Celsius, what is its natural state at room temperature?

Check your Understanding Why are melting points and boiling points considered to be characteristic properties of matter? What other characteristic properties have we learned about so far this year?