Data Snapshot Spencer County, Indiana County Data Snapshot Series Rockport - Spencer County Court House November 2018 County Data Snapshot Series

01 02 03 04 05 Table of Contents Introduction Demography Economy Labor Market 05 Broadband Data Snapshot //Spencer County

01 Introduction Purpose About Spencer County Make more printer friendly, maybe gray

4 Introduction Purpose To strengthen the value and usability of the information, we showcase data using a variety of visual tools, such as charts, graphs and tables. In addition, we offer key points about the data as a way of assisting the user with the interpretation of the information presented. Finally, key comments and takeaways associated with the data messages are presented in the last section of this snapshot. This document provides information and data about Spencer County that can be used to guide local decision-making activities. The Data Snapshot showcases a variety of demographic, economic and labor market information that local leaders, community organizations and others can use to gain a better perspective on current conditions and opportunities in their county. Data Snapshot // Spencer County

About Spencer County Introduction Established 1818 County Seat 5 Introduction About Spencer County Established 1818 County Seat Rockport Area 401.43 sq. mi. Neighboring Counties Dubois, IN Perry, IN Warrick, IN Hancock, KY Daviess, KY Metropolitan Classification Noncore Statistical Area EDA Distress Criteria 2016 Not Distressed Data Snapshot // Spencer County

Educational Attainment 02 Demography Population Change Population Pyramid Generational Chart Race Ethnicity Language Use Educational Attainment

7 Demography Population Change Total Population Projections The total population is projected to increase by 0.8 percent between 2017 and 2020. Components of Population Change, 2000-2017 The county’s total population increased by 19 percent between 1970 and 2017. From 2000 to 2017, the county didn’t experience a significant change other than increasing by only 3 persons. However, from 2010 to 2017, the county experienced a decrease of 2.7 percent (loss of 558 individuals) in its overall population. In both the 2000- 2010 and 2010-2017 periods, a positive contributor to population growth was “Natural Increase” (births minus deaths). “International migration” (number of people moving in from outside the U.S. versus moving out to countries outside the U.S.) caused an increase during 2000 to 2010 and from 2010 to 2017, respectively. Domestic migration (number of people moving into the county minus moving out from the county to other parts of the state or the U.S.) caused major declines in population during both, 2000 to 2010 and 2010 to 2017periods. 2000-2010 2010-2017 Natural Increase 524 140 International Migration 136 6 Domestic Migration -1,136 -668 Total Change -568 -518 Excel file: 1.1 – Population_Spencer Data Snapshot // Spencer County Sources: STATSIndiana, U.S. Census Bureau – 1990 Census, 2000 Decennial Census, 2010 Decennial Census, 2017 Estimates, Estimates of the Components of Resident Population Change

Population Trend Demography Excel file: 1.1 – Population_Spencer 8 Data Snapshot // Spencer County Sources: BEA

Population Pyramids Demography Year 2000 Year 2017 9 Demography Population Pyramids Year 2000 Year 2017 Male Female Excel File: 1.2 - PopPyramids_Spencer The proportion of males and females in Spencer County changed slightly between 2000 and 2017. Approximately 49.9 percent of the population was female in 2000, and that slipped to 49.6 percent by 2017. Major changes, however, occurred among various age groups in the county. For example, the proportion of individuals (males and females) 50 years of age and older expanded from 29.7 percent to 42 percent from 2000 to 2017. On the other hand, several other age categories suffered a decline. The percentage of people under 20 years old fell 4.6 percentage points from 2000 to 2017. Among them, individuals under 10 years old (age 0-9) shrank from 13.7 to 11.4 percent. How about those of prime working age – those between 20-49 years of age? They, too, experienced a large downturn from 41.5 percent to 33.7 percent over the 2000-2017 time span. Source: U.S. Census Bureau – 2000 Decennial Census and 2017 Annual Population Estimates Data Snapshot // Spencer County Table names: Census 2000 SF1 QTP1, PEP2017 PEPAGESEX

Generational Chart, 2017 Demography 10 Demography Generational Chart, 2017 Silent Generation and Great Generation or the Lost Generation are 70 years and above. Some of them fought in Word Wars and experienced the Great Depression of 1930s. Baby Boomers is the generation after World War II. They are now 50 to 69 years old and they are at or nearing retirement age. They experienced the U.S. economic growth and prosperity. This is a large generational cohort with strong work ethics. Generation X is now 35 to 50 years old. This generation has experienced technological advances (internet and automation) and tries to cope up with the new technology. Millennials are now 20 to 34 years old. This generation is diverse and has adapted to technology. Generation Z is in the teens and the most technologically savvy generation. Excel File: 1.2 - PopPyramids_Spencer Data Snapshot // Spencer County Source: Population Estimates, U.S. Census Bureau

Race Demography Year 2000 Year 2017 11 Demography Race Year 2000 Year 2017 Note: Natives are comprised of American Indian and Alaskan Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. Excel File: 1.3 – Race_Spencer.xlsx The number of White residents in Spencer County decreased marginally from 97.7 percent to 97.4 percent between 2000 and 2017. As a result, the percentage of non-White races increased between 2000 and 2017 from 2.3 percent to 2.6 percent. The number of Blacks or African Americans marginally increased by 62 individuals. The population of Asians increased by 30 individuals in 2016. The Native population marginally increased by 9 individuals. Meanwhile, individuals with two or more races decreased (0.2 percentage point with 38 less individuals) over the same time period. Source: U.S. Census Bureau – 2000 Decennial Census and 2017 Annual Population Estimates Data Snapshot //Spencer County Table names: Census 2000 SF1 P008, PEP2017 PEPSR6H

12 Demography Ethnicity Hispanics are individuals of any race whose ancestry is from Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Spain, the Dominican Republic or any other Spanish-speaking Central or South American country. There were 303 Hispanics residing in Spencer County in 2000. This figure doubled by 2017, growing to 606 individuals. In terms of percentage growth, the Hispanic population expanded by nearly 1.5 percentage points between 2000 and 2017. As such, the Hispanic community represented nearly 3 percent of Spencer County’s population in 2017. Excel File: 1.3 – Race_Spencer.xlsx Data Snapshot // Spencer County Source: Decennial Census, Population Estimates, U.S. Census Bureau

Educational Attainment 13 Demography Educational Attainment Spencer County’s share of adults (25 years and older) with bachelor’s or higher degree increased by nearly 2 percentage points (467 more individuals) from 2000 to 2016. The proportion of adults 25+ years of age with a high school education only increased by 1 percentage point between 2000 and 2016. Residents with less than a high school education dipped by almost 8 percentage points over this period. There were 2,541 adult individuals who did not have a high school degree in 2000 and that number dropped to 1,531 individuals by 2016. The number of adults with an associate’s degree increased by 567 more individuals growing from 7 percent in 2000 to 10 percent in 2010. Adults with some college education also increased by 360 more individuals in between 2000 and 2016, growing from 18 to 20 percent of adults (25+ years old) in the county. 2000 2016 Excel File: 1.5 - EdAttainment_Spencer.xlsx Source: U.S. Census Bureau – 2000 Decennial Census and 2016 ACS Data Snapshot // Spencer County Table names: Census 2000 SF4 QTP20, ACS 2016 S1501

03 Economy Establishments Industries Income and Poverty Occupations

Components of Changes in Jobs 15 Economy Components of Changes in Jobs Changes in Jobs (2000-2016) Jobs Gained by New Start-ups 8,855 Spin-offs 1,010 Expansion 5,463 In-migration 1,017 Lost by Closings 8,926 Contractions 4,438 Out-migration 909 Net Change 2,072 How to Interpret the Accompanying Table New Start-ups A completely new business from births/openings without any affiliation to an existing business. Spin-offs New businesses that were spun off from existing businesses. Expansions Existing businesses that have expanded in jobs. In-migration Businesses that have moved-in from outside of the county. Closings Closure of existing businesses. Contractions Existing businesses that have shed/reduced jobs. Out-migration Businesses that have moved- out from the county. Excel File: 2.1 - Estab&Employ__Spencer.xlsx Data Snapshot // Spencer County Source: YourEconomy.org

Establishment Distribution by Stages 16 Economy Company Stages An establishment is a physical business location. Branches, standalones and headquarters are all considered types of establishments. Definition of Company Stages Stage 0 Self-employed Stage 1 2-9 employees Stage 2 10-99 employees Stage 3 100-499 employees Stage 4 500+ employees Establishment Distribution by Stages Indiana, 2016 Data Snapshot // Spencer County Note: Based on Edward Lowe’s research, http://thegrowthsociety.com/links/SecondStage.pdf/

17 Economy Number of Establishments, Jobs, Sales by Stage/Employment Category in the County Stage Establishments 2016 % Change (2000-2016) Jobs* 2016 Sales 2016 ($ 2016, Million) % Change (2000-2016, $ 2016) Stage 0 137 -3.5% 27.7 -51.2% Stage 1 680 61.1% 2,611 58.3% 509.9 -48.3% Stage 2 149 38.0% 3,326 19.3% 746.2 9.9% Stage 3 15 25.0% 2,702 -12.2% 657.7 114.0% Stage 4 2 100.0% 1,800 153.0 -11.6% Total 983 43.5% 10,576 23.6% 2,095 -4.9% Excel File: 2.1 - Estab&Employ__Spencer.xlsx *Includes both full-time and part-time jobs Note: The change in jobs from 2000 to 2016 might not match with the components of change in jobs because of residuals. Data Snapshot // Spencer County Source: YourEconomy.org

Top Five Industries 2003 2016 Economy 18 Economy Top Five Industries Half of all jobs are tied to one of the top five industries in Spencer County The top industry in Spencer County is Manufacturing, which accounts for more than 13 percent of the total jobs. Government ranks second, providing 1,080 jobs in 2016. Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation represents about 9 percent of the total jobs. Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting; and Retail Trade respectively, complete the top five industries in Spencer County. Together the top five industries provided 4,607 jobs in 2016. Two of the top five industries lost jobs between 2003 and 2016 time period (see next page). 2003 2016 Excel File: 2.2 – Industry.xlsx Data Snapshot //Spencer County Source: EMSI – 2018.1 – QCEW Employees, Non-QCEW Employees, Self-Employed, and Extended Proprietors

Top Five Industries Jobs Trend (2001-2016) 19 Economy Top Five Industries Jobs Trend (2001-2016) Excel File: 2.2 – Industry.xlsx Data Snapshot // Spencer County Source: EMSI– 2018.1 – QCEW Employees, Non-QCEW Employees, Self-Employed, and Extended Proprietors

Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation Health Care and Social Assistance 20 Economy Industry distribution and change Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation +402 Educational Services +269 Employment Increase Industries with the largest gains and losses in employment numbers between 2003 & 2016 Employment Decrease Manufacturing -442 Health Care and Social Assistance -295 The largest percentage gains in employment occurred in Educational Services (+1,223%) Management of Companies and Enterprises (+167%) The largest percentage losses in employment occurred in Health Care and Social Assistance (-38%) Wholesale Trade (-27%) Excel File: 2.2 – Industry.xlsx Data Snapshot // Spencer County Source: EMSI – 2018.1 – QCEW Employees, Non-QCEW Employees, Self-Employed, and Extended Proprietors

Top Five Occupations 2003 2016 Economy 21 Economy Top Five Occupations The top five occupations in Spencer County represent more than half of all jobs. Management Occupations (1,065 jobs) is the top occupation, which accounts for 11 percent of the total jobs. Production Occupations rank second, providing 1,045 jobs. Sales and Related Occupations represent 11 percent of all jobs in the county. Office and Administrative Support Occupations and Transportation and Material Moving Occupations complete the top five occupation groups in Spencer County. Together the top five occupation groups represented 4,879 jobs in 2016. Worth noting is that four of the top five occupation groups lost jobs between 2003 and 2016. 2003 2016 Excel File: 2.3 – Occupation_Spencer.xlsx Data Snapshot //Spencer County Source: Economic Modeling Specialists International (EMSI) – 2018.1 – QCEW Employees, Non-QCEW Employees, Self-Employed, and Extended Proprietors

Occupation distribution and change 22 Economy Occupation distribution and change Excel File: 2.3 – Occupation_Spencer.xlsx Data Snapshot //Spencer County Source: Economic Modeling Specialists International (EMSI) – 2018.1 – QCEW Employees, Non-QCEW Employees, Self-Employed, and Extended Proprietors

Occupation distribution and change 23 Economy Occupation distribution and change Education, Training, and Library Occupations +122 Employment Increase Occupations with the largest gains and losses in employment numbers between 2003 & 2016 Employment Decrease Production Occupations -350 Healthcare Support Occupations -96 Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations +210 The largest percentage gains in employment occurred in Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations (+91%) Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations (+65%) The largest percentage losses in employment occurred in Healthcare Support Occupations (-42%) Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations (-29%) Excel File: 2.3 – Occupation_Spencer.xlsx Data Snapshot // Spencer County Source: EMSI – 2018.1 – QCEW Employees, Non-QCEW Employees, Self-Employed, and Extended Proprietors

Income and Poverty Economy 2000 2008 2016 Total Population in Poverty 24 Economy Income and Poverty 2000 2008 2016 Total Population in Poverty 7.1% 9.3% 9.1% Minors (Under Age 18) in Poverty 8.9% 13.1% 11.2% Real Median Household Income ($2016)* $61,054 $59,952 $58,217 Real Per Capita Income ($2016)* $34,464 $38,415 $42,013 Percent of Household in Upper Income Bracket ($100,000 +)** 6.5% 16.6% 18.0% Percent of Household in the Lowest Income Bracket (Less than $10,000)** 6.8% 5.6% Median household income in Spencer County dropped by $2,837 between 2000 and 2016 in real dollars (that is, adjusted for inflation), while average income per person increased by $7,549 in real dollars over the same period. The total population in poverty increased from 7.1 percent to 9.1 percent between 2000 and 2016. Child poverty grew at a slightly faster pace, expanding by nearly 2.3 percentage points during this same time period. The GINI Index of income inequality for households in Spencer County was 0.3933 in 2016 (ACS 2012- 2016), a marginal increase of nearly 2 percent from 0.3856 in 2011 (ACS 2007-2011). Excel file: 2.4 – Income&Poverty__Spencer.xlsx *Real median household income is the middle income value in the county. Half of the county’s households fall above this line and half below. Real per capita personal income is the average income per person in the county. **Percent of household in upper income bracket: 2016 is 5 year ACS, 2008 is 3 year ACS, 2000 is Census summery file 3 (SF-3). Source: SAIPE, ACS 2012-2016, BEA- Regional Personal Income Summary Data Snapshot // Spencer County

Income and Poverty (3 years rolling average) 25 Economy Income and Poverty (3 years rolling average) Median household income in Spencer County has been generally declining for the past 16 years with some fluctuations witnessed after the Great Recession. Real per capita personal income has been increasing at a moderate pace since 2010. The poverty rate for all ages has been on the rise since 2000, but has experienced some improvement since 2009. Poverty among minors (children under 18 years of age) has been increasing, peaking at 14.5 percent in 2011. The rate has decreased after 2009 to 12% in 2016 (2014 to 2016 period). Excel file: 2.4 – Income&Poverty_Spencer.xlsx Note: Ending point is shown as the time period. Data Snapshot // Spencer County Source: SAIPE, BEA- Regional Personal Income Summary

04 Labor Market Labor Force & Unemployment Commuteshed Workforce Inflow/Outflow Laborshed

Labor Force and Unemployment 27 Labor Market Labor Force and Unemployment The number of individuals in the labor force of Spencer County increased between 2003 and 2016. The number of individuals in the county’s labor force increased by 193 individuals between 2003 and 2016. Among all the individuals in the labor force, 94.8 percent were employed in 2003 and 95.9 percent in 2016. Worth noting is that the labor participation rate increased between 2003 and 2016. There may be a variety of factors associated with this trend. 2003 2010 2016 Labor Force 10,794 10,996 10,987 Unemployment Rate 5.2% 8.8% 4.1% Labor Force Participation Rate 86.3% 91.1% Excel File: 3.1 - LaborForce__Spencer.xlsx Source: BLS, Stats Indiana Data Snapshot // Spencer County

Unemployment Rate Labor Market 28 Labor Market Unemployment Rate Unemployment rate increased dramatically, peaking at 9.2 percent in 2009. Since that time, the rate has been on a steady decline, dropping to 4.1 percent. Excel File: 3.1 - LaborForce__Spencer.xlsx Source: BLS Data Snapshot // Spencer County

Journey to Work Labor Market 29 Labor Market Journey to Work Spencer County has more workers commuting out than commuting into the county for work. Net commuting is negative with a deficit of 3,480 commuters. For every 100 resident workers, Spencer County has only 63 jobs. This suggests that the county is not serving as a job center for the region, but primarily as a bedroom community for workers employed in Evansville or counties in Kentucky. 3,302 In-Commuters 2015 Count Proportion Living in Spencer County 9,442 100.0% Both living and employed in the County 2,660 28.2% Living in the County but employed outside 6,782 71.8% Employed in Spencer County 5,962 Both employed and living in the County 44.6% Employed in the County but living outside 3,302 55.4% 2,660 Same Work/Home Excel File: 3.2 – OTM__Spencer.xlsx 6,782 Out-Commuters Source: On The Map Data Snapshot // Spencer County

Commuteshed & Laborshed in 2015 30 Labor Market Commuteshed & Laborshed in 2015 6,782 3,302 Excel File: 3.2 – OTM__Spencer.xlsx Data Snapshot // Spencer County Source: On The Map

Section 05 Broadband 31 Data Snapshot // Spencer County

Population with no access to broadband 25/3 32 Broadband Population with no access to broadband 25/3 Data Snapshot // Spencer County Source: FCC; 2016 Tiger/Lines Census Tracts

A Look at the Digital Divide Index 33 Broadband A Look at the Digital Divide Index The Digital Divide Index, or DDI for short, ranges in value from 0 to 100, where 100 indicates the highest digital divide. It is composed of two scores: (1) The Infrastructure/Adoption (INFA) Score; and (2) The Socioeconomic (SE) Score. As noted, both have a value between 0 and 100. The following offers more information on each score The INFA Score groups four variables related to broadband infrastructure and adoption: percentage of total 2010 population without access to fixed broadband of at least 25 Mbps download and 3 Mbps upload number of residential broadband connections with at least 10 Mbps download and 1 Mbps upload average maximum advertised download speeds; and average maximum advertised upload speeds. The SE Score groups four variables known to impact technology adoption: percent population ages 65 and over percent population 25 and over with less than high school individual poverty rate; and percent of noninstitutionalized civilian population with a disability. In other words, these variable indirectly measure adoption since they are potential predictors of lagging technology adoption. These two scores are combined to calculate the overall DDI score. If a particular county or census tract has a higher INFA score versus a SE score, efforts should be made to improve broadband infrastructure. If on the other hand, a particular geography has a higher SE score versus an INFA score, focus should be given to improving digital literacy and exposure to the technology’s benefits. Data Snapshot // Spencer County Source: DDI, PCRD

2016 Digital Divide Profile for Spencer County 34 Broadband 2016 Digital Divide Profile for Spencer County Score Digital Divide Index 67.36 Score Infrastructure/Adoption Score 80.78 Average maximum advertised download speed in Mbps 10.4 Average maximum advertised upload speeds in Mbps 1.9 Households with a 10/1 broadband connection 20.1-40.0% People without access to fixed broadband of at least 25/3 Mbps 69.2% Score Socioeconomic Score 57.38 Population ages 65 and older 17.8% Ages 25 and older with less than a high school degree 10.6% Individuals in poverty 9.9% Noninstitutionalized civilian population with a disability 13.9% Data Snapshot // Spencer County Source: FCC Form 477; 2012-2016 ACS

35 Concluding Comments Data Snapshot // Spencer County

Population Race and Ethnicity Education 36 Demography: Concluding Comments Population Race and Ethnicity Education Spencer County’s population has increased with varying growth rates since the decade of the 1970s, including important changes in the age distribution of its population. Post 2010 resident populations in Spencer County seem to be in decline with marginal increase predicted for 2020. The matured population (50 years or older) reaching retirement age has become the largest share of the county’s population since 2000. That shift may have important implications regarding the need for health care, housing, transportation options, and more. The slow erosion (loss of 7.8 percentage points) of the number of people of prime working age (20-49 years old) could hamper efforts to attract new or expand existing businesses in the county. This means that businesses in the county may have an increasing dependence on workers living outside of the county. Nearly 1 in 4 persons are 19 years of age or younger, meaning that education, recreational activities, child care, and after-school programs for young people will continue to be important issues to address. Racial composition in Spencer County remained almost unchanged between 2000 and 2017. Nearly, 2.3 percent of the resident populations were non-white in 2000, which increased marginally to 2.6 percent in 2017. Blacks, Natives, and Asian races increased marginally in numbers and proportion between 2000 and 2017. Individuals of two or more races declined in both, number and percent. In addition, Spencer County has also experienced growth in its ethnic diversity over the last 17 years. About 3 percent of Spencer County’s residents is now of Hispanic origin, while it was 1.5 percent level in 2000. This suggests that the county will have to determine how to address the needs of a growing population where English may not be the primary language. The proportion of adults 25 years of age or older with an associate’s degree improved nearly 3 percentage points between 2000 and 2016. The 15 percent attainment rate of adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher is lower than Indiana’s figure for adults (25.6%) in 2016. But, the county is making strides, increasing the number of Spencer County adults with this level of education by 2 percentage points between 2000 and 2016. Regardless of the growth in adult with some type of college education or more, nearly 44 percent of the adults in the county had a high school education only in 2016 with additional 11 percent adults with less than a high school education. Without question, this could serve as a barrier to securing good paying jobs or attracting employers with jobs that demand people with some type of post-secondary education. Nearly 1 in 5 adults have some college education. Exploring ways to assist some of these individuals to complete an associates or a technical degree could position the county to retain and attract good paying jobs requiring workers with solid middle-level skills. Data Snapshot // Spencer County

Establishment and Industry 37 Economy: Concluding Comments Establishment and Industry Occupation Income and Poverty Spencer County experienced a positive growth in both the number of establishments and jobs between 2000 and 2016. A large proportion of the growth was created by stage 1 and stage 2 enterprises (startups and small businesses), the very companies that often get overlooked by the local government and economic development authorities when exploring ways to add jobs to the local economy. Stage 1 (2-9 employees) added 962 jobs whereas Stage 2 (10-99 employees) experienced a growth of 537 new jobs. However, Stage 3 lost 375 jobs in the 16 year period. Exploring ways to retain, strengthen, and grow Stage 1 and 2 enterprises may be worthwhile for Spencer County. Manufacturing has been a significant sector in the county, employing 1,291 individuals with annual earnings of $63,518. Unfortunately, Manufacturing and Retail Trade sectors, two of the top five industries, lost nearly 631 jobs between 2003 and 2016. Focusing on strategies to diversify the local economy with export- oriented industries and expanding Arts, Entertainment and Recreation, a top five sector, will be important in the years ahead. Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations experienced the highest growth, adding 210 jobs during 2003-2016 time period, whereas Production Occupations suffered the maximum loss of nearly 350 jobs in that time period. It is worth noting that Education, Training, and Library Occupations added 122 jobs, the second highest, from 2003 to 2016. Whereas, Healthcare Support Occupations lost 96 jobs, the second highest in that period. Spencer County gained maximum jobs in relatively low paying occupations ($11 per hour) and lost jobs in higher paying occupations ($17 per hour), such as Production Occupations. Spencer County has experienced a decline in high skilled jobs in Architecture and Engineering and Healthcare Practitioners and Technical occupations. The county has gained jobs in middle skill and trade-related occupations, such as Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations. Considering that nearly 55 percent of the adults have high school or less education, the county may need to figure out how to match the skills of adult labor force with requirements of the existing employers. The overall poverty rate for individuals increased by 2 percentage points from 2000 to 2016, whereas child poverty grew by 2.3 percentage points in the same time period. Uncovering the factors that are fueling the growth of individual and child poverty in the county is something worth exploring. Real median household income decreased in the county by $1,102 between 2000 and 2008, followed by a further decrease of $1,735 between 2008 and 2016. Overall, the real median household income decreased by $2,837 in the 16-year time period. On the other hand, real per capita income increased by $3,951 from 2000 to 2008, with further increase of $3,598 by 2016. This seemingly conflicting trend indicates that there may be a presence of income inequality between households in the county. This means that there is a segment of the population that is becoming wealthier while another segment is losing ground and becoming poorer. A case in point are residents who fall in the upper income ladder. The percent of household in the upper income bracket has increased by 11.5 percentage points from 2000 to 2016. Comparatively, the decline in the lowest income bracket was only by 1.2 percentage point. Data Snapshot // Spencer County

Labor Force and Unemployment 38 Labor Market: Concluding Comments Labor Force and Unemployment Commuteshed and Laborshed Broadband Spencer County experienced a high unemployment rate of 9.2 percent in 2010. Since that time, the county has made significant progress given that the unemployment rate has now tumbled to 4.1 percent as of 2016 - slightly lower than the U.S. and Indiana’s rate (4.9 percent and 4.4 percent). In 2003, 10,794 individuals were part of labor force and which slightly increased to 10,987 in 2016. In the same time, the labor participation rate also increased by 4.8 percentage points. This increase may be due to more matured age people participating in the labor force and actively looking for work. Coupled with a low unemployment rate of 4.1 percent, it indicates that nearly 96 out of 100 laborers seeking employment are gainfully employed in Spencer County. Despite marginal declines in populations and total jobs in the last 16 years and proportionate increase in low paying occupations, labor market indicators are relatively stronger in Spencer County. Other than Spencer County, Dubois, Warrick, and Vanderburgh counties in Indiana and Daviess County in Kentucky are the major destinations for Spencer County’s resident workers. Dubois and Perry counties in Indiana and Daviess County in Kentucky are also major sources of the labor force. More than 55 percent (3,302 individuals) of Spencer County’s employees are coming from surrounding counties. It may be worthwhile to asses how interested these individuals might be in moving to Spencer County at some point in the future, and if not, what factors are preventing them from doing so. Nearly 72 percent of residents from Spencer County are working outside of the county. It may be valuable to get a handle on the education and skill levels of these individuals. Is the outflow of labor due to the fact that these individuals have a good education and cannot find a local job that aligns with their education and/or experiences? Or is it due to the fact that Spencer County serves as a bedroom community for Evansville labor market? Addressing these questions could prove valuable. The census tract level data from FCC (Federal Communications Commission ) indicate that northern areas of Spencer County are not connected at all. This area is comprised of the water park, recreational facilities, state park, and agricultural fields. The southern census tracts have relatively larger populations with connectivity to the 25/3 broadband. One tract located to the Southwest has 27 percent of residents without connection to 25/3 broadband (25 Mbps download and 3 Mbps upload). Spencer County has on average 69 percent of the resident population without access to fixed broadband of at least 25/3 Mbps – the rate that is required to have a decent broadband service per FCC guidelines. Spencer County has a Digital Divide Index of nearly 67, where 100 indicates the largest digital divide. Similarly, the infrastructure/adoption score for the county is 81 compared to the socioeconomic score of nearly 57. Since the infrastructure score is higher, it would make sense to focus on providing the broadband access to those parts of the county with higher population densities and no coverage at all. Data Snapshot // Spencer County

Appendix

Average Total Earnings 2016 40 Appendix Economy - Industry Distribution and Change NAICS Code Description Jobs 2003 Jobs 2016 Change (2003-2016) % Change (2003-2016) Average Total Earnings 2016 11 Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting 640 717 77 12% $37,314 21 Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction 130 249 119 92% $22,005 22 Utilities 251 263 12 5% $133,387 23 Construction 465 461 -4 -1% $40,755 31 Manufacturing 1,733 1,291 -442 -26% $63,518 42 Wholesale Trade 540 393 -147 -27% $43,487 44 Retail Trade 847 658 -189 -22% $23,607 48 Transportation and Warehousing 326 425 99 30% $53,063 51 Information 129 103 -26 -20% $63,688 52 Finance and Insurance 234 294 60 26% $30,180 53 Real Estate and Rental and Leasing 194 296 102 53% $29,347 54 Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services 179 202 13% $27,663 55 Management of Companies and Enterprises 32 20 167% $66,824 56 Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services 410 -130 -24% $30,487 61 Educational Services 291 269 1,223% $42,822 62 Health Care and Social Assistance 775 480 -295 -38% $37,638 71 Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation 460 862 402 87% $16,756 72 Accommodation and Food Services 490 -30 -6% $15,656 81 Other Services (except Public Administration) 581 615 34 6% $33,622 90 Government 1,062 1,080 18 2% $39,770 All Total 9,608 9,583 -25 0% $40,013 Data Snapshot // Spencer County Note: Average total earnings include wages, salaries, supplements and earnings from investments and proprietorships.

QCEW Average Total Earnings 2016 41 Appendix Economy - Industry Distribution and Change NAICS Code Description QCEW 2003 Jobs QCEW 2016 Jobs QCEW Jobs % Change (2003-2016) Total Jobs 2003 Total Jobs 2016 Total Jobs % Change (2003-2016) QCEW Average Total Earnings 2016 11 Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting 55 139 1.53 640 717 12% $50,243 21 Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction 40 <10 Insf. Data 130 249 92% 22 Utilities 251 259 0.03 263 5% $134,995 23 Construction 274 290 0.06 465 461 -1% $49,776 31 Manufacturing 1,708 1,256 -0.26 1,733 1,291 -26% $64,565 42 Wholesale Trade 512 341 -0.33 540 393 -27% $46,362 44 Retail Trade 582 384 -0.34 847 658 -22% $29,057 48 Transportation and Warehousing 240 302 0.26 326 425 30% $59,921 51 Information 115 91 -0.21 129 103 -20% $70,238 52 Finance and Insurance 157 0.21 234 294 26% $41,890 53 Real Estate and Rental and Leasing 16 26 0.63 194 296 53% $34,611 54 Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services 85 74 -0.13 179 202 13% $29,994 Management of Companies and Enterprises 12 29 1.42 11.75253 32 167% $70,003 56 Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services 453 328 -0.28 410 -24% $35,182 61 Educational Services 270 21.50 291 1223% $45,657 62 Health Care and Social Assistance 715 386 -0.46 775 480 -38% $33,487 71 Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation 419 790 0.89 460 862 87% $17,445 72 Accommodation and Food Services 457 433 -0.05 490 -6% $14,576 81 Other Services (except Public Administration) 220 0.14 581 615 6% $60,001 90 Government 992 1,017 1,062 1,080 2% $40,908 All Total 7,289 6,829 -0.06 9,608 9,583 0% $46,041 Data Snapshot // Spencer County Note: Average total earnings include wages, salaries, supplements and earnings from investments and proprietorships.

Median Hourly Earnings 2016 (Total Jobs) 42 Appendix Economy - Occupation Distribution and Change SOC Description Jobs 2003 Jobs 2016 Change (2003-2016) % Change (2003-2016) Median Hourly Earnings 2016 (Total Jobs) 11 Management Occupations 987 1,065 78 8% $16.53 13 Business and Financial Operations Occupations 313 346 33 11% $24.09 15 Computer and Mathematical Occupations 66 72 6 9% $24.82 17 Architecture and Engineering Occupations 170 146 -24 -14% $33.93 19 Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations 34 -1 -3% $27.22 21 Community and Social Service Occupations 79 89 10 13% $16.73 23 Legal Occupations 32 31 $27.67 25 Education, Training, and Library Occupations 397 519 122 31% $18.00 27 Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations 175 206 18% $13.39 29 Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations 286 202 -84 -29% $21.79 Healthcare Support Occupations 230 134 -96 -42% $10.70 Protective Service Occupations 135 35 26% $14.82 Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations 570 526 -44 -8% $8.76 37 Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations 322 532 210 65% $10.72 39 Personal Care and Service Occupations 380 452 19% $9.15 41 Sales and Related Occupations 1,021 1,009 -12 -1% $13.80 43 Office and Administrative Support Occupations 1,034 959 -75 -7% $14.01 45 Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations 82 157 75 91% $12.64 47 Construction and Extraction Occupations 479 433 -46 -10% $15.53 49 Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations 495 554 59 12% $20.20 51 Production Occupations 1,395 1,045 -350 -25% $16.71 53 Transportation and Material Moving Occupations 843 800 -43 -5% $17.58 55 Military occupations 70 62 -8 -11% $17.52 All Total 9,608 9,583 -25 0% Data Snapshot // Spencer County *Management occupations include farm managers, so changes in jobs may be related to changes in the number of farm proprietorships.

Median Hourly Earnings 2016 (QCEW Jobs) 43 Appendix Economy - Occupation Distribution and Change SOC Description QCEW 2003 Jobs QCEW 2016 Jobs QCEW Jobs % Change (2003-2016) Total Jobs 2003 Total Jobs 2016 Total Jobs % Change (2003-2016) Median Hourly Earnings 2016 (QCEW Jobs) 11 Management Occupations 304 315 4% 987 1,065 8% $33.12 13 Business and Financial Operations Occupations 219 220 0% 313 346 11% $23.38 15 Computer and Mathematical Occupations 55 57 66 72 9% $27.10 17 Architecture and Engineering Occupations 156 134 -14% 170 146 $35.28 19 Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations 20 5% 34 33 -3% $22.29 21 Community and Social Service Occupations 44 47 7% 79 89 13% $17.18 23 Legal Occupations 24 -17% 32 31 $23.67 25 Education, Training, and Library Occupations 376 483 28% 397 519 31% $18.50 27 Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations 74 -11% 175 206 18% $14.75 29 Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations 270 179 -34% 286 202 -29% $20.43 Healthcare Support Occupations 117 -47% 230 -42% $10.74 Protective Service Occupations 167 25% 135 26% $14.81 35 Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations 552 514 -7% 570 526 -8% $8.74 37 Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations 255 449 76% 322 532 65% $11.28 39 Personal Care and Service Occupations 165 222 35% 380 452 19% $9.30 41 Sales and Related Occupations 581 478 -18% 1,021 1,009 -1% $10.94 43 Office and Administrative Support Occupations 944 855 -9% 1,034 959 $13.77 45 Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations 51 94 84% 82 157 91% $12.46 Construction and Extraction Occupations 318 278 -13% 479 433 -10% $17.32 49 Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations 438 491 12% 495 554 $21.35 Production Occupations 1,349 993 -26% 1,395 1,045 -25% $16.80 53 Transportation and Material Moving Occupations 737 629 -15% 843 800 -5% $16.44 Military occupations 70 62 $0.00 All Total 7,289 6,829 -6% 9,608 9,583 Data Snapshot // Spencer County Note: Average total earnings include wages, salaries, supplements and earnings from investments and proprietorships.

44 Appendix Notes LAUS (Local Area Unemployment Statistics): LAUS is a U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) program that provides monthly and annual labor force, employment and unemployment data by place of residence at various geographic levels. LAUS utilizes statistical models to estimate data values based on household surveys and employer reports. These estimates are updated annually. Annual county-level LAUS estimates do not include seasonal adjustments. LEHD (Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics): LEHD is a partnership between U.S. Census Bureau and State Department of Workforce Development (DWD) to provide labor market and journey to work data at various geographic levels. LEHD uses Unemployment Insurance earnings data and Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages from DWDs and census administrative records related to individuals and businesses. SAIPE (Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates): SAIPE is a U.S. Census Bureau program that provides annual data estimates of income and poverty statistics at various geographic levels. The estimates are used in the administration of federal and state assistance programs. SAIPE utilizes statistical models to estimate data from sample surveys, census enumerations, and administrative records. EMSI (Economic Modeling Specialists International): The jobs, earnings and labor market data for Industries and occupations are obtained from EMSI. It provides unsuppressed data at North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 6-digit and Standard Occupation Classification (SOC) at 5-digit level for every county in the U.S. OTM (On the Map): OTM, a product of LEHD program, is used in the county snapshot report to develop commuting patterns for a geography from two perspectives: place of residence and place of work. At the highly detailed level of census blocks, some of the data are synthetic to maintain confidentiality of the worker. However, for larger regions mapped at the county level, the commuter shed and labor shed data are fairly reasonable. OTM includes jobs for a worker employed in the reference as well as previous quarter. Hence, job counts are based on two consecutive quarters (six months) measured at the “beginning of a quarter.” OTM data can differ from commuting patterns developed from state annual income tax returns, which asks a question about “county of residence” and “county of work” on January 1 of the tax-year. OTM can also differ from American Community Survey data, which is based on a sample survey of the resident population. YourEconomy.org (YE): YE, an online tool by the Business Dynamics Research Consortium at the University of Wisconsin – Extension, provides data on the employment, sales, and number of establishments at numerous geographic levels in the United States. A major data source for YE is the Infogroup Historical Database and additional Infogroup data files on establishments. This means that each entry is a different physical location, and company-level information must be created by adding the separate establishment components. Data Snapshot // Spencer County

Report Contributors Data Analysis Authors/Editors Report Design 45 Appendix Report Contributors This report was produced by the Purdue Center for Regional Center and the Purdue Extension Community Development Program. Funds to support the preparation of this report were provided, in part, from Purdue Extension, Purdue Center for Regional Development, and the Office of Community and Rural Affairs (OCRA). Data Analysis Yong Jee Kim Ben St. Germain Andrey Zhalnin, PhD Indraneel Kumar, Ph.D. Authors/Editors Bo Beaulieu, Ph.D. Report Design Tyler Wright Data Snapshot // Spencer County

Purdue Center for Regional Development Contact Us 46 Purdue Center for Regional Development Contact Us 1341 Northwestern Avenue Purdue Schowe House West Lafayette, IN 47906 765-494-7273 pcrd@purdue.edu seeks to pioneer new ideas and strategies that contribute to regional collaboration, innovation and prosperity. www.pcrd.purdue.edu Purdue Extension Community Development works to strengthen the capacity of local leaders, residents and organizations to work together to develop and sustain strong, vibrant communities. Front cover court house photography is courtesy of Lee Lewellen. Back cover Schowe House photography is by PCRD staff. www.cdext.purdue.edu