Annoyance and other health effects of transportation noise + Annoyance and other health effects of transportation noise Results from NORAH and WHO Evidence Review Rainer Guski Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany Noise in Europe, Brussels, April 24, 2017

Contents Sources of Evidence: NORAH + WHO Review Noise Annoyance Depression Cardiovascular Effects Effects on Children‘s Reading Summary and Conclusions Guski: Annoyance and other health effects 2017-04-24 p. 2

WP3: Children's cognition, HQoL Sources of Evidence: NORAH + WHO Review 1a A multi-disciplinary field research initiative, called NORAH (Noise Related Annoyance, Cognition and Health), worked in Germany 2011-2015 Comprised effects of air, road, and rail transportation noise WP1: Annoyance & HQoL WP2: Health WP3: Children's cognition, HQoL WP0: Acoustics Guski: Annoyance and other health effects 2017-04-24 p. 3

Sources of Evidence: NORAH + WHO Review 1b NORAH included surveys, special tests and health insurance data in the large vicinity of Frankfurt Airport and surveys at Cologne/Bonn, Stuttgart and Berlin-Schönefeld airports At Frankfurt Airport, the survey used a panel study including 3 waves (2011, 2012, and 2013) Frankfurt Airport installed a new runway and a night curfew in winter 2011/12 Individual address-specific, long-term noise levels for all three noise sources were estimated (ca. 1.000,000 participants) Guski: Annoyance and other health effects 2017-04-24 p. 4

Sources of Evidence: NORAH + WHO Review 2 WHO Europe commissioned a systematic evidence review of the effects of long-term environmental noise on long- term annoyance Methods: Data sources and study eligibility criteria were defined, a systematic literature search was done, publication quality was assessed and selection criteria for the papers defined (e.g. publication years: 2000-2014) At the end, 57 studies could be used for quantitative meta- analysis. The published data were backed up by a questionnaire sent to the authors of the papers Review publication to appear in 2017: Guski, R., Schreckenberg, D. & Schuemer, R. (2017). Review: WHO Environmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region: A Systematic Review on Environmental Noise and Annoyance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH), submitted (Manuscript ID: ijerph-192252). Guski: Annoyance and other health effects 2017-04-24 p. 5

Noise Annoyance: Aircraft Noise 1 12 surveys provided comparable data on exposure / annoyance, ∑ N=17,094 % HA higher than EU standard curve at comparable Lden 25 % HA at 54 dB Lden Guski: Annoyance and other health effects 2017-04-24 p. 6

Noise Annoyance: Aircraft Noise 2 NORAH WP1 (Schreckenberg et al. 2015) reports comparable results: Frankfurt Airport (FRA 2011-2013) is associated with highest %HA, Cologne/Bonn (CGN), Stuttgart (STR) and Berlin-Schönefeld (BER) are associated with somewhat lower %HA Guski: Annoyance and other health effects 2017-04-24 p. 7

Noise Annoyance: Road Traffic Noise 25 surveys provided comparable data on exposure / annoyance, ∑ N=34,112 % HA comparable to EU standard curve NORAH: similar results Guski: Annoyance and other health effects 2017-04-24 p. 8

Noise Annoyance: Railway Noise 9 surveys provided comparable data on exposure / annoyance, ∑ N=10,970 % HA higher than EU standard curve at comparable Lden Guski: Annoyance and other health effects 2017-04-24 p. 9

Health Effects 1: Depression Secondary data-based case-control study 77,295 cases; 578,246 controls Linear Odds Ratio increase per 10 dB increase LpAeq,24h: Aircraft: 8.9% (no optimal fit) Road traffic: 4.1% Railway: 3.9% (no optimal fit) Guski: Annoyance and other health effects 2017-04-24 p. 10

Health Effects 2: Heart insufficiency / hypertens. heart disease Secondary data-based case-control study 104,145 cases; 654,172 controls Linear Odds Ratio increase per 10 dB increase LpAeq,24h: Aircraft: 1.6% Road traffic: 2.4% Railway: 3.1% Aircraft noise Road traffic noise Railway noise Guski: Annoyance and other health effects 2017-04-24 p. 11

Health Effects 3: Sleep disturbance Polysomnographic sleep data registration within bedrooms of residents at Frankfurt Airport 2011-2013 49 participants (2011), 83 participants (2012) Results: Some relieve due to night flight ban, more morning complaints Guski: Annoyance and other health effects 2017-04-24 p. 12

Effects on children‘s reading capabilities NORAH WP 3 (Cognitive development and quality of life of children): Concentrated on chronic aircraft noise effects at school and home on primary school children with respect to: acquisition of reading skills the development of reading-relevant speech skills quality of life Looked for exposure-response relations, controlling for as much confounders as possible Data from 1,243 children + 1,185 parents + 85 teachers Found a statistically highly significant decrease of reading performance of children with increasing aircraft noise levels (LpAeq,08-16h 40-60dB): a 10 dB increase of long-term noise levels was followed by one month retardation of reading performance. Guski: Annoyance and other health effects 2017-04-24 p. 13

Summary and conclusions 1 + Summary and conclusions 1 Evidence review on annoyance and NORAH both show a considerable increase of % Highly Annoyed by aircraft noise at comparable LpAeq (e.g., Lden) in relation to EU standard Possible causes of the increase: Modern aircraft noise estimation procedures differ Number of aircraft movements differ Airport fleet compositions differ Situational context of surveys may differ (“change”) Other ? Evidence review on annoyance and NORAH both show an increase of % Highly Annoyed by railway noise at comparable LpAeq (e.g., Lden) in relation to EU standard Night time freight traffic ? Guski: Annoyance and other health effects 2017-04-24 p. 14

Summary and conclusions 2 + Summary and conclusions 2 NORAH WP2 shows Large increase of depression risks with increasing levels of aircraft, road, and railway noise levels Increase of heart insufficiency/hypertensive heart disease with increasing levels of railway, road, and aircraft noise levels With respect to cardiac infarction, stroke, and heart insufficiency, railway noise effects were stronger, as compared to the other traffic noise sources Sleep disturbance during the night decreased somewhat after implementation of a night flight ban at Frankfurt Airport. However, negative feelings in the morning hours increased NORAH WP3 Found a decrease of reading performance of school children with increasing aircraft noise levels. More protection against transportation noise is needed. Guski: Annoyance and other health effects 2017-04-24 p. 15

Thank you for your attention! + Thank you for your attention! www.norah-study.de Acknowledgements: The Evidence review of annoyance was commissioned by WHO Europe. NORAH was commissioned by the Hessian state-owned Environment & Community Center (ECC), Kelsterbach, Germany.