Temperature Dependence of the Surface Topography in Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine/Distearoylphosphatidylcholine Multibilayers  Marie-Cécile Giocondi, Christian Le Grimellec  Biophysical Journal  Volume 86, Issue 4, Pages 2218-2230 (April 2004) DOI: 10.1016/S0006-3495(04)74280-0 Copyright © 2004 The Biophysical Society Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Low-magnification AFM imaging of the surface of DMPC/DSPC (1:1) multibilayers in PBS buffer, at room temperature. Except for one sample, low magnification height images (10–20-μm scans) identified three distinct height levels, denoted 0, 1, and 2 (a and c). b is a virtual section of an electronic zoom of a, whereas d is a virtual section of b at the green line position. (Bars) 5μm. Biophysical Journal 2004 86, 2218-2230DOI: (10.1016/S0006-3495(04)74280-0) Copyright © 2004 The Biophysical Society Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Intermediate magnification imaging of the surface of DMPC/DSPC (1:1) multibilayers in PBS buffer. Using these scan sizes (4–5μm), the geometrical structures detected in Fig. 1 appear to be made of phospholipids in ripple phase. a and b and c and d correspond to height and deflection images, respectively, showing that λ1 ripples can be surrounded by either smooth regions or by ripples of higher wavelength. e is a virtual section of c at the green line position. (Bars) 1μm. Biophysical Journal 2004 86, 2218-2230DOI: (10.1016/S0006-3495(04)74280-0) Copyright © 2004 The Biophysical Society Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Details of ripples structure from high resolution scans (height images). (Bars) 200nm. Biophysical Journal 2004 86, 2218-2230DOI: (10.1016/S0006-3495(04)74280-0) Copyright © 2004 The Biophysical Society Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 High resolution images of the topography at room temperature of the first bilayer close to the mica. Height images. (Bar) 200nm. Biophysical Journal 2004 86, 2218-2230DOI: (10.1016/S0006-3495(04)74280-0) Copyright © 2004 The Biophysical Society Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Gel-gel phase separation in DMPC/DSPC (1:1) multibilayers at room temperature. The surface of upper bilayer is essentially smooth but has two height levels separated by ∼1nm. Arrows point to some of these domains that are more easily discernable in the inset of a. a and b correspond to height and deflection images, respectively. c is a virtual section of a. (Bar) 5μm. Biophysical Journal 2004 86, 2218-2230DOI: (10.1016/S0006-3495(04)74280-0) Copyright © 2004 The Biophysical Society Terms and Conditions

Figure 6 Temperature dependence of ripple domains in samples 1–3. a–d are height images of the same zone at 30, 34, 39, and 45°C, respectively. Arrows point at gel/fluid phase separation domains in the bilayer underneath the ripple domains bilayer. To better visualize the occurrence of the gel/fluid phase separation at 30°C, an electronic zoom applied to the region selected by a white frame is presented in the inset. Arrowheads designate ripple phase domains. e is a virtual section of b. (Bar) 2μm. Biophysical Journal 2004 86, 2218-2230DOI: (10.1016/S0006-3495(04)74280-0) Copyright © 2004 The Biophysical Society Terms and Conditions

Figure 7 Ripples modulation wavelength increases with temperature. Imaging of the same domains at different temperatures allows determining the evolution of the ridge spacing. a–c are deflection images of a first selected region at 32, 34, and 37°C, respectively. d and e correspond to deflection images obtained at 30 and 40°C, respectively, on another sample. The graph presented in f summarizes the evolution of the ripple wavelength from five different regions selected in three different samples. (Bars) a–c, 1μm; d and e, 500nm. Biophysical Journal 2004 86, 2218-2230DOI: (10.1016/S0006-3495(04)74280-0) Copyright © 2004 The Biophysical Society Terms and Conditions

Figure 8 Temperature induced ripple phase formation from gel/gel phase separation. At 27°C, the sample four topography markedly changes with the replacement of gel/gel phase separation by a ripple phase. (a and b) height (z scale=40nm) and deflection images, respectively. (Bar) 2.5μm. c and d are height images at higher magnification (bars, 500 and 200nm, respectively; corresponding z scales are 5 and 4nm). (e) Virtual section of c. Biophysical Journal 2004 86, 2218-2230DOI: (10.1016/S0006-3495(04)74280-0) Copyright © 2004 The Biophysical Society Terms and Conditions

Figure 9 Low magnification imaging of sample four temperature dependence. a–c are deflection images obtained at 30, 33, and 35°C, and d–f are height images obtained at 35, 42, and 45°C, respectively. Arrows point at the phase separation in the first bilayer facing the mica. (Bar) 2μm. Biophysical Journal 2004 86, 2218-2230DOI: (10.1016/S0006-3495(04)74280-0) Copyright © 2004 The Biophysical Society Terms and Conditions

Figure 10 Temperature induced fluid/gel phase separation from ripple phase. a–i are height images recorded at 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, and 45°C, respectively. (Bar) 1μm. Biophysical Journal 2004 86, 2218-2230DOI: (10.1016/S0006-3495(04)74280-0) Copyright © 2004 The Biophysical Society Terms and Conditions