The Protestant Reformation

Causes of the Reformation 100 Years War and Black Death Scientific Advances which contradicted the Church The Corruption within the Catholic Church Humanism of the Renaissance

What was the Protestant Reformation? Prior to the Reformation most Christians in Western Europe were Roman Catholic The [REFORM]ation was an attempt to REFORM the Catholic Church People like Martin Luther wanted to get rid of the corruption and restore the people’s faith in the church

What was the Protestant Reformation? In the end the reformers, like Luther, established their own religions The Reformation caused a split in Christianity with the formation of these new Protestant religions

What was the Protestant Reformation? CHRISTIANITY PROTESTANT CATHOLIC

The Reformers Martin Luther John Calvin Ulrich Zwingli Henry VIII

Martin Luther Lived from 1483-1546 in Germany Father encouraged him to study law A sudden religious experience inspired him to become a monk

Martin Luther He became troubled over the possibility of not going to heaven He turned to the Bible, and confession for comfort In the Bible he found the answer he was looking for

“The righteous shall by his faith.” ROMANS 1:17 “The righteous shall by his faith.” Luther realized that only faith (in the ultimate goodness of Jesus), not good deeds, could save a person. No good works, rituals, etc. would save a person if they did not believe.

Luther's 95 Theses A list of things he thought were wrong with the Catholic Church (95 Complaints) He criticized: The Power of the Pope The Extreme Wealth of the Church Indulgences (Catholic concept of Salvation)

Luther's 95 Theses Gutenberg’s Printing Press made it possible for Luther to spread his beliefs Posted his 95 Theses on Church doors in Germany Gained support from people and criticism from Church

Some Local German Churches accepted Luther’s ideas Supported by German Princes who issued a formal “protest” against the Church for suppressing the reforms The reformers came to be known as [PROTEST]ants - Protestants

Church Reaction Leo X excommunicates Luther Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) summons Luther to Diet of Worms Luther refuses to recant his views Declared an outlaw Decade later Charles V institutes the Peace of Augsburg

Major Leaders Ulrich Zwingli John Calvin Stressed importance of the Bible Rejected elaborate church ritual John Calvin Shared many of Luther’s beliefs Preached predestination world divided into sinners and saints John Calvin

John Calvin Set up theocracy in Geneva Attempted to build a truly Christian Society Calvinism not accepted by Catholics and Lutherans Ignites wars of religion in France

Salvation Catholics achieve it through faith, following rituals, and good works Lutherans achieve it through faith Calvinists God alone predetermines who will be saved

Christianity Protestant Catholic Lutheran Calvinism Puritan Presbyterian Puritan Hugeunots

Explosion of Protestant Sects New Protestant sects sprang up during the Reformation Some followed teachers of the other reformers and some had new ideas Example would be the Anabaptists Believed in Adult Baptism Ancestors of modern day Baptists, Mennonites, & Amish

English Reformation Henry VIII > Protestant Reformer Pope refused to annul (divorce) him from Catherine of Aragon Mad > takes over English Church Act of Supremacy declares him head of the church Rejects many Protestant doctrines Edward VI takes the throne Makes England a Protestant country Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary) takes throne Back to a Catholic country Elizabeth I takes throne Restores unity with Religious Compromise England religiously tolerant but a Protestant Country

Catholic Reformation Also known as the Counter Reformation Attempt to end corruption Council of Trent formed Met 20 years Reaffirmed traditional Catholic views of salvation, etc. Took steps to end abuses Provided stiff penalties Est. more schools to challenge Protestant teachings Inquisition strengthened to fight Protestants Books of Luther and Calvin were forbidden New religious order recognized > Society of Jesus (Jesuits) Led by Ignatius of Loyola Job was to defend and spread Catholicism Religious conflict will cont. > lead to wars > division to this day between Protestants and Catholics

Widespread Persecution 1450-1750 period of heightened religious passion which will lead to persecution Tens of thousands of men and women died as victim of witch hunts Had to do with the twin belief in Christianity and magic Targets were Outcasts Beggars Midwives Herbalists Jews also a target of persecution Pressure for Jews to convert Jews forced into ghettos in some cities especially Italy Restrictions/Discrimination of Jews in many European states