A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+

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A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ Strong acid A- H+ With a strong acid, the acid completely dissociates to form an anion and hydrogen ions. The high H+ concentration causes a very low pH The neutralise the acid, we need to add a lot of alkali… A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ Add alkali

A- H2O A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ Strong acid A- H2O A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ Add alkali

A- H2O A- H2O H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ Strong acid A- H2O A- H2O H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ Add alkali

A- H2O A- H2O H+ A- H+ H2O A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ Strong acid A- H2O A- H2O H+ A- H+ H2O A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ Add alkali

A- H2O A- H+ H2O A- H2O H+ A- H+ H2O A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- Strong acid A- H2O A- H+ H2O A- H2O H+ A- H+ H2O A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ Add alkali

A- H2O A- H+ H2O A- H2O H+ A- H2O H+ A- H2O A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- Strong acid A- H2O A- H+ H2O A- H2O H+ A- H2O H+ A- H2O A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ Add alkali

A- H2O A- H+ H2O A- H2O H+ A- H+ H2O A- H2O A- H+ H2O A- H+ A- H+ A- Strong acid A- H2O A- H+ H2O A- H2O H+ A- H+ H2O A- H2O A- H+ H2O A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ Add alkali

A- H2O A- H2O H+ A- H2O H+ A- H2O H+ A- H2O A- H2O H+ A- H+ H2O A- H+ Strong acid A- H2O A- H2O H+ A- H2O H+ A- H2O H+ A- H2O A- H2O H+ A- H+ H2O A- H+ A- H+ A- H+ Add alkali

A- H2O A- H2O H+ A- H2O H+ A- H2O H+ A- H2O A- H2O H+ A- H+ H2O A- H2O Strong acid A- H2O A- H2O H+ A- H2O H+ A- H2O H+ A- H2O A- H2O H+ A- H+ H2O A- H2O H+ A- H+ A- H+ Add alkali

A- H2O A- H+ H2O A- H2O H+ A- H2O H+ A- H2O A- H2O H+ A- H2O H+ A- H+ Strong acid A- H2O A- H+ H2O A- H2O H+ A- H2O H+ A- H2O A- H2O H+ A- H2O H+ A- H+ H2O A- H+ H2O A- H+ Add alkali

A- H2O A- H+ H2O A- H+ H2O A- H2O H+ A- H2O A- H2O H+ A- H+ H2O A- H2O Strong acid A- H2O Success! The acid is neutralised. > A- H+ H2O A- H+ H2O A- H2O H+ A- H2O A- H2O H+ A- H+ H2O A- H2O H+ A- H+ H2O A- H2O H+

A- H+ HA HA HA HA HA HA HA HA HA Weak acid With a weak acid, very little acid dissociates. The modest H+ concentration causes the pH to be fairly low, perhaps about 3 or 4. The neutralise the acid, we need to add alkali… HA HA HA HA HA HA HA HA HA Add alkali

A- H2O A- H+ HA HA HA HA HA HA HA HA Weak acid Neutralising the H+ causes more acid to dissociate: le Chatelier’s principle in action. The neutralise the acid, we need to add more alkali… A- H+ HA HA HA HA HA HA HA HA Add alkali

Weak acid A- H2O A- H2O H+ A- H+ HA HA HA HA HA HA HA Add alkali

A- H2O A- H+ H2O A- H+ H2O A- H+ HA HA HA HA HA HA Weak acid Add alkali

A- H2O A- H2O H+ A- H2O H+ A- H2O H+ A- H+ HA HA HA HA HA Weak acid Add alkali

A- H2O A- H2O H+ A- H+ H2O A- H+ H2O A- H2O A- H+ HA HA HA HA Weak acid A- H2O A- H2O H+ A- H+ H2O A- H+ H2O A- H2O A- H+ HA HA HA HA Add alkali

A- H2O A- H+ H2O A- H2O H+ A- H2O H+ A- H2O A- H2O H+ A- H+ HA HA HA Weak acid A- H2O A- H+ H2O A- H2O H+ A- H2O H+ A- H2O A- H2O H+ A- H+ HA HA HA Add alkali

A- H2O A- H+ H2O A- H+ H2O A- H2O H+ A- H2O A- H2O H+ A- H2O H+ A- H+ Weak acid A- H2O A- H+ H2O A- H+ H2O A- H2O H+ A- H2O A- H2O H+ A- H2O H+ A- H+ HA HA Add alkali

A- H2O A- H+ H2O A- H2O H+ A- H2O H+ A- H2O A- H2O H+ A- H+ H2O A- H+ Weak acid A- H2O A- H+ H2O A- H2O H+ A- H2O H+ A- H2O A- H2O H+ A- H+ H2O A- H+ H2O A- H+ HA Add alkali

A- H2O A- H+ H2O A- H2O H+ A- H2O H+ A- H2O A- H2O H+ A- H2O H+ A- H+ Weak acid A- H2O A- H+ H2O A- H2O H+ A- H2O H+ A- H2O A- H2O H+ A- H2O H+ A- H+ H2O A- H+ H2O A- H+ Add alkali

A- H2O A- H+ H2O A- H+ H2O A- H+ H2O A- H2O A- H2O H+ A- H+ H2O A- H2O Weak acid A- H2O Success! The acid is neutralised. Notice that we have had to use the same volume of alkali to neutralise the weak acid, as we used for the strong acid. The two acids had the same concentration, though one was weak and other was strong. > A- H+ H2O A- H+ H2O A- H+ H2O A- H2O A- H2O H+ A- H+ H2O A- H2O H+ A- H+ H2O A- H2O H+