and Other Considerations Non-Normal Circuits and Other Considerations The Flight Training Manual - Sections 12 and 13 Add References

Objectives To continue circuit training To recognise and safely manage non-normal situations which may occur in the circuit. Go Around; Repositioning in the circuit; Flapless and Glide approach and landing; Communications Failure; Total Electrics Failure; Rejected (Aborted) Takeoff; and, Engine Failure After Takeoff (EFATO).

Aviate – Navigate – Communicate Airmanship Aviate – Navigate – Communicate Carry-out a Pre-Takeoff safety brief for every takeoff. When practicing I will state “Simulating”. Checks: Trouble Checks (if there is time) Shutdown Checks (if there is time) After Landing Checks are not actually carried out, but are “Touch Checks”. Verbally state the check and touch the appropriate control (one finger).

Airmanship Dual Only Exercise No Passengers I will advise ATC/traffic of the intention to carry out a simulated failure and that we are climbing again. Dual Only Exercise No Passengers

Human Factors Learn checklists Stress Avoid mindsets Use mnemonics Pre-planning helps Stress Practice Overlearning – automatic responses Avoid mindsets Pre-planning Practise (with an instructor) Currency

Priority of Actions Aviate - Fly the aircraft!!! Navigate - Where are you going? Communicate - Ask for help Administrate - Checks etc.

Aeroplane Management Systems Management Loose objects Be familiar with the aircraft systems, particularly the fuel system. On the ground, operate the fuel cocks: Changing tanks, plus ON and OFF Loose objects During the pre-flight remove or secure in the cabin. Post flight take all your belongings and rubbish. Throttle movements Smooth Avoid ramming to maximum on the Go Around Listen to the sound of the aeroplane What’s “Normal”?

Go Around / Overshoot If for any reason the landing needs to be abandoned the pilot may elect or ATC may instruct a: GO AROUND

Go Around / Overshoot Decide early!! Some reasons: Too high, and/or fast; Landing path blocked; Flared too high and getting slow; Bounced landing; or, Windshear or wake turbulence.

Wake Turbulence The disturbed air caused by a wing producing lift - spirals from wingtips. Worst behind heavier aircraft, flying slowly at high angles of attack – I.e. during Takeoff and Landing.

If suspected or encountered Wake Turbulence Provide adequate separation between you and the aircraft (up to 3 minutes). Avoid getting close behind/below heavier aircraft. Fly upwind and above the approach path of the preceding heavy aircraft. Land past the point the heavier aircraft’s nose wheel touched down. Runway length? If suspected or encountered Go Around

Aviate – Navigate – Communicate Go Around / Overshoot Aviate – Navigate – Communicate A go-around is a Normal Procedure – not an emergency Full Power – beware of pitch/yaw change Carb Heat – OFF/COLD Fly the nose up to the normal climb attitude C152 67kt / PA38 70kt Safe height, safe airspeed, +ve ROC – Raise flap in stages Track clear of the runway Continue climb out to normal crosswind turning point Advise ATC/Traffic “Going Around”

Go Around / Overshoot Power UP Nose UP Clean UP

Follow the Circuit Pattern for another approach Go Around / Overshoot Follow the Circuit Pattern for another approach

Repositioning - Orbiting Procedure to provide spacing/separation with other traffic. Usually carried out on the Downwind Leg 360 medium level turns outside the circuit pattern. Direction will be indicated by ATC. LOOKOUT – may conflict with traffic behind. Avoid performing an orbit with flap extended at low- level (base or final). Go around.

Extending Upwind/Downwind Another procedure to provide spacing/separation with other traffic. Extend the Upwind/Downwind leg, and turn Crosswind/Base when sufficient spacing or as instructed. Higher power setting and delayed flap selection 45

Repositioning Used when there is a change of runway (opposite, crossing or parallel). Can be done on any leg – usually Downwind. Follow ATC instructions. Opposite Runway – 180 degree turn mid to late Downwind Crossing Runway – Adjust track to join at an appropriate position in the new circuit. Parallel Runway – On final move left or right to establish for the new runway.

Repositioning - Opposite Runway

Repositioning - Crossing Runway

Low Level Circuit Reasons: Low Cloud Rapidly Approaching Weather Traffic (ATC Instruction) Quicker circuit to practice landings Flown between normal circuit height and 500ft AGL. Circuit is closer to the runway than normal. While training, only done with an instructor. Does not give you automatic right-of-way.

Dumb-Bell Turn Another method of repositioning when there is a change of circuit direction After take-off: Climb out to a minimum of 500ft AGL, Carryout a level turn away from the circuit, Reverse the turn to reposition onto final for the opposite direction runway.

Flapless Approach / Landing Circuit Emergencies Flapless Approach / Landing

Planning Ahead, Considerations Flapless Landing Planning Ahead, Considerations Fly the plane!! Higher approach speed Extend downwind?, reduced power setting LOOKOUT!! other traffic, expect light signals

Flapless Landing Carb Heat HOT Set lower power setting than normal Turn base leg Trim for attitude of 70kts Use power to control ROD / approach profile Expect light signals Land normally

Circuit Emergencies Flapless Approach / Landing Considerations- Flapless Approach Higher Stall Speed [Increase Approach Speed by 5 Kts] Less Drag [Precise Speed Control Very Important – TRIM] Higher Nose Attitude/Less Visibility [5 Kt Speed Increase Helps to Offset] Less Pronounced Flare Tendency to “Float” (due less Drag)

Circuit Emergencies Flapless Approach / Landing Carb Heat On Reduce Power (initially) to 1300 RPM Set and Maintain (Nominated) Approach Speed Trim Use Power to Control Glide Path / ROD Less Pronounced Flare – DON’T “OVER FLARE!!” Keep Straight during Hold-off / Float

Circuit Emergencies Glide Approach

Glide Approach Used when we have an engine failure downwind or base in the circuit Do NOT extend downwind Real scenario if not going to reach runway?

Glide Approach Select touchdown aim point Carb Heat HOT Turn towards runway immediately Assess if your going to make it in, adjust track When sure of making aim point, use flap to adjust touchdown point Land normally

Communication Failure Remain in circuit Squawk 7600 (if possible) Look for Green light from tower Fly normal circuit Land and vacate vector

Communications Failure AVIATE, NAVIGATE, COMMUNICATE!! Keep flying the aircraft around the circuit! Maintain position in circuit Check Volume control, Headset plugs Transmit Blind Squawk 7600 Tower light signals Taxi Clear After Landing

Communications Failure Circuit Emergencies Communications Failure

Circuit Emergencies Communications Failure - General In the event of a communications failure “Aviate, Navigate, Communicate” Check:- Volume Control Set Frequency Set Headset Plugged in Headset Selected on Audio Panel [Where Applicable] Stay Clear of Controlled Airspace Squawk 7600

Circuit Emergencies Communications Failure Continue to Fly the Normal Circuit Maintain your Circuit Traffic Position Continue making Standard Radio Calls “Transmitting Blind” Observe Light Signals Land and Taxi Clear of Runway Advise ATC

Circuit Emergencies Electrical Failure

Circuit Emergencies Electrical Failure ALWAYS PLAN AHEAD!! Flaps and Other Aircraft Systems may not be available. Know the Systems that will be effected by an Electrical Failure on your aircraft type!!

Electrical Failure

Electrical Failure – Systems Effected Circuit Emergencies Electrical Failure – Systems Effected Flap

Circuit Emergencies Electrical Failure In the event of an electrical failure “Aviate, Navigate, Communicate” Immediate Actions:- Fly the Aeroplane!! Check Master On Alternator On Reduce Electrical Load Cycle Alternator Off/ On Cycle Master Off / On If problem Persists:- Alternator Off Master Off Avionics Master Off (Where Fitted)

Circuit Emergencies Electrical Failure in Circuit Continue to Fly the Normal Circuit Maintain your Circuit Traffic Position Continue making Standard Radio Calls “Transmitting Blind” Observe Light Signals Land and Taxi Clear of Runway [Flapless??] Advise ATC

Electrical Failure Will also have communications failure Know electrical systems, Flap and some other systems may not be available Stall speed is higher flapless Less Drag – Shallower approach, float in flare Visibility – Nose attitude

Just flaps not working: Electrical Failure Problem Solving Check master switch Check circuit breakers Just flaps not working: Also recycle flap lever

Rejected Take-off Accelerate/Stop distance is 2:1 ratio

Rejected Take-off Decide early!! Some reasons to reject the takeoff: Too high, and/or fast Landing path blocked Flared too high and getting slow Bounced landing Windshear

Rejected Takeoff Close throttle Keep straight Brake as required Radio call - “(callsign) stopping” Taxi clear as per ATC instructions

Cause and Prevention Cause Carb Ice Air Blockage Fuel Contamination Fuel Starvation Fuel Exhaustion No Spark Prevention Be aware of temperature and humidity Carb Heat HOT Pre-flight Run-up Carb Heat HOT – alternate air Pre-flight Inspection Water or solid particles in the fuel Pre-flight fuel check and sample Wrong tank selection (or OFF) Fuel pump problems Run out of fuel Pre-flight planning and inspection Pre-flight Inspection and run-up

Aborted Take-off (Before VR) Early in the take-off roll check: RPM – Full Power Temperatures and Pressures – Normal Airspeed – Alive Sounds – OK Anything wrong with the above, or Runway Blocked ATC Instruction With runway available, abandon the take-off (Abort)

Aborted Take-off (Before VR) Possible situations: Low Oil Pressure Low Power Inoperative Airspeed Indicator Open door Loose objects Accelerate/Stop distance is 2:1 ratio

Engine Failure After Take-off (EFATO) Plan Ahead Plan your EFATO actions for every take-off Familiarise yourself with the local area Identify the best landing site options surrounding the airfield, especially in the take-off directions Considerations Low Airspeed Low altitude – limited time! Limited landing site options Wind direction Traffic – parallel ops, beware of aircraft beside you, and joining downwind NOTE: EXERCISE IS DUAL ONLY!!!

Engine Failure After Take-off (EFATO) Landing Area Selection Choose best available landing site within approximately +/- 30° of your heading (something within the windscreen). Be aware of parallel operations Use Small Bank Angles During any Turns DO NOT TURN BACK TO THE AIRFIELD!!

Air Exercise – Aborted Take-off Aviate Close the Throttle Navigate Keep Straight, Brake as required, Back Pressure (weight off the nose wheel), if required Turn into Wind, Ground Loop Communicate Advise ATC/Traffic – “(callsign) stopping” Keep the Cabin Intact Shutdown Fuel Mixture Ignition Masters - Off If no damage, follow ATC instructions

Aviate – Navigate – Communicate Air Exercise – EFATO Aviate – Navigate – Communicate Aviate: Lower the nose – C152 60kt, PA38 70kts Close the throttle Carb Heat – HOT/ON Navigate: Choose landing site Sufficient runway ahead – Select Full Flap and land Insufficient runway Pick a Paddock (in the windscreen) Flap as required – Doors Unlock Land into wind and keep Cabin Intact Communicate: Tell ATC/Traffic – MAYDAY / 7700

Air Exercise – Trouble Checks F M I If there is time F Fuel Pump – ON Fuel Selector – ON Change Tanks (touch) Contents – Check M Mixture – Rich Carb Heat – ON/HOT Primer – LOCKED I Ignition – BOTH Try LEFT and RIGHT (touch)

Air Exercise – Shut-Down Checks F M I M If there is time F Fuel OFF (Pump and Selector) M Mixture IDLE CUT-OFF I Ignition OFF M Master OFF (after Full Flap and MAYDAY) After Landing Fuel, Mixture, Ignition, Masters Off Secure and Evacuate Aircraft Consider ELT Stay with aircraft, unless in close to a phone

Engine Failure After Takeoff (EFATO) M – masters off