Views of Animal Phylogeny

Ernst Heinrich Phillipp August Haeckel (1834-1919; Germany)

Hyman 1951 Libbie Hyman 1888-1969 University of Chicago

Margulis and Schwartz 1987 Lynn Margulis 1938-2011 U Mass Amherst

Nielsen (2001) Claus Nielsen, Denmark

Richard C. Brusca (University of Arizona) and Gary J Richard C. Brusca (University of Arizona) and Gary J. Brusca (Humboldt State University) 2003

Kenneth M. Halanych (2004) Auburn traditional recent

Greg Edgecomb et al. (2011) Natural History Museum, London

Joseph Ryan, Whitney Lab, University of Florida Tree produced by maximum-likelihood analysis of the EST Set. The tree was produced from a matrix consisting of 242 genes and 104,840 amino acid characters. Joseph Ryan, Whitney Lab, University of Florida Tree produced by maximum-likelihood analysis of the EST Set.The tree was produced from a matrix consisting of 242 genes and 104,840 amino acid characters. Circles on nodes indicate 100% bootstrap support. Support placing ctenophores as sister to the rest of Metazoa is 96% of 100 bootstrap replicates. J F Ryan et al. Science 2013;342:1242592 Published by AAAS

Hypotheses of deepest branches in the animal tree

Jekely et al. 2015 Gaspar Jekely Max Planck Institute For Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany

University of Geoscience Beijing, China Fig. 3 Idealized three-dimensional models of Cambrian skeletonized ctenophores. Qiang Ou University of Geoscience Beijing, China Idealized three-dimensional models of Cambrian skeletonized ctenophores. (A to C) Side views of Gemmactena actinala gen. et sp. nov, Batofasciculus ramificans, and Thaumactena ensis gen. et sp. nov., respectively. (A′ to C′) Oblique aboral views corresponding to (A) to (C). Qiang Ou et al. Sci Adv 2015;1:e1500092 Published by AAAS

Fig. 4 Phylogenetic relationship of fossil and extant ctenophores based on a comprehensive cladistic analysis (tables S2 and S3). Phylogenetic relationship of fossil and extant ctenophores based on a comprehensive cladistic analysis (tables S2 and S3). The skeletonized ctenophores from the Chengjiang biota form a clade here described as the new class Scleroctenophora. The cladogram is a strict consensus of the three most parsimonious trees. Apomorphies (character number and state above and below nodes, respectively) are mapped on the cladogram. Tree length = 53; consistency index = 0.9231; retention index = 0.9394; rescaled consistency index = 0.8671. Illustrated taxa are marked in bold. Qiang Ou et al. Sci Adv 2015;1:e1500092 Published by AAAS

Telford et al. 2015 Max Telford University College London

Pisani et al. 2015 Davide Pisani, University of Bristol

Whelan et al. 2015 Nathan Whelan Auburn University

Shuhai Xiao, Virginia Tech Marc LaFlamme, University of Toronto Modular Ediacara fossils. (A) Three incomplete specimens of the erniettomorph fossil Pteridiniumcomposed of tubular modular units. (B) Pteridinium with nine modular units (right side of fossil). (C) Erniettomorph Ernietta with module infilling. (D) Magnified section of the specimen in the boxed section in C, with arrows highlighting sediment infill. (E) Rangeomorph fossil Rangea with fractal modules (bracket on the right). (F) Rangea with three primary fractal modules (large modules on the left) and three smaller subsidiary modules tucked in between the larger modules. (G) Rangeomorph Fractofususwith 16 fractal modules on either side of the longitudinal midline. Bracket displaying one module. G is provided by G.M. Narbonne. (Scale bar: 1 cm.) Xiao and Laflamme (2009)