Chapter 2: Neuroscience Study of brain basis of thought and behavior Nervous system(s): responsible for detecting, processing, and responding to external signals.

The Nervous System: Structure and Function (2 of 2) LO 2.5 Identify each division of the nervous system.

Figure 2.4 The Actions of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work together to produce physiological arousal when under threat, and then return the body to its natural resting state, once the threat is removed or resolved.

The Nervous System: Structure and Function (1 of 2) LO 2.5 Identify each division of the nervous system. The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord The peripheral nervous system (PNS) carries information from the CNS to organs and parts of the body Three types of neurons: Sensory (afferent) neurons carry information toward the CNS from the sensory organs Motor (efferent) neurons carry information away from the CNS to operate muscles and glands Interneurons send information between sensory neurons and motor neurons

Figure 2.2 The Withdrawal Reflex The withdrawal reflex is a simple reflex involving a sensory neuron, interneuron, and motor neuron and can take place outside of conscious awareness.

Figure 3.1 A Neuron with a Myelin Sheath

The Structure and Function of a Neuron LO 1.1 Identify the anatomy and function of a neuron. Neurons are the building blocks of the nervous system Dendrites catch the signal from the previous neuron The soma houses the cell’s genetic information The axon carries information down to the end of the neuron The myelin sheath speeds up the transmission of information down the axon The terminal button contains the chemicals that enable neurons to “talk” to each other Video: https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/mypsychlab-ciccarelli_5e-2016_The_Structure_of_the_Neuron

Synaptic Plasticity and Neurogenesis LO 2.4 Distinguish the concepts of synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis. The brain can adapt and change over time, also called synaptic plasticity. Synaptic plasticity is involved in learning, memory, and mood regulation. Neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons, mostly occurs prenatally. However, some areas of the brain continue to “grow” new neurons throughout life. Video: https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/_video.true/mypsychlab-2017-hudson1e_0133972739-neuroplasticity

Figure 3.2 Synaptic Transmission

Figure 3.3 The Action Potential

Communication Between Neurons LO 2.2 Explain how neurons communicate with one another. At first, the neural impulse is an electrical event, but when it reaches the end of the neuron, it becomes a chemical event After an action potential, there is a refractory period, where the neuron is “resting” and not able to fire again A neuron can “fire” by passing the signal to the next neuron (excitatory), or it can hold its fire (inhibitory) Neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers of the nervous system Video: https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/mypsychlab-ciccarelli_5e-The_Neural_Impulse_Action_Potential Video: https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/mypsychlab-ciccarelli_5e-The_Synapse

Types of Neurotransmitters LO 2.3 Recognize the effects of neurotransmitters on behavior. Neurotransmitters Excitatory or Inhibitory Primary Function Outcomes of Malfunction Acetylcholine Both Arousal; attention and memory; muscle contractions Low Levels: Alzheimer’s disease Dopamine Excitatory Feelings of pleasure; learning and movement; movement Low levels: Parkinson’s disease, depression High levels: Schizophrenia Serotonin Arousal and sleep; mood; appetite Low levels: Depression, anxiety High levels: Serotonin syndrome Norepinephrine Alertness and arousal; mood Low levels: Depression, bipolar High levels: Agitation GABA Inhibitory Sleep; inhibits movement Low levels: Insomnia, seizures, tremors, anxiety, depression Glutamate Learning and memory; synaptic plasticity High levels: Migraines, seizures, anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease Endorphins Blocks pain signals, produces pleasure, regulates immune system Low levels: Depression High levels: Runner’s high

Figure 3.4 The Lock-and-Key Model of Neurotransmitter Binding to Receptor Sites

Figure 3.8 Major Structures of the Brain

The Anatomy of the Brain Video: https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/mypsychlab-ciccarelli_5e-2016_Parts_of_the_Brain

Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E

Figure 2.6 Limbic System Structures The limbic system includes a diverse set of brain structures involved in emotion, internal drives, and memory.

Figure 2.7 The Cerebral Cortex and the Lobes of the Brain Our brain is divided into two hemispheres, with each half containing four lobes, or areas. Each lobe is responsible for different but important parts of functioning.

Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E Cortical Lobes © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E

The famous case of Phineas Gage: Importance of frontal lobe in executive functions.

Figure 3.11 Representation of the Body Mapped onto the Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cerebral Cortex

Figure 3.9 The Cerebral Hemispheres and the Corpus Callosum

The Divided Brain LO 2.10 Recognize the functional impairments that occur in a split brain patient. The corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres (or halves) of our brain The right hemisphere controls the movement of the left side of the body and vice versa, which is known as contralateral control For 95% of people language appears to be dominant in the left side of the brain Callosotomy as a possible treatment for severe epilepsy led to split-brain research Video: https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/_video.true/mypsychlab-2017-hudson1e_0133972739 a_demonstration_of_contralateral_control Video: https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/mypsychlab-ciccarelli_5e-The_Split_Brain_Experiment

Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E Split-Brain Research When a split-brain patient is asked to stare straight ahead while a photo of a fork is flashed to his left visual field, he cannot name it. © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E

Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E Split-Brain Research © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E

Table 3. 3 Which Side of Our Brain Do We Use for What. LO 3 Table 3.3 Which Side of Our Brain Do We Use for What? LO 3.4b Evaluate results concerning the brain’s localization of function. Left Hemisphere Right Hemisphere Fine-tuned language skills • Speech comprehension • Speech production • Phonology • Syntax • Reading • Writing Actions • Making facial expressions • Motion detection Coarse language skills • Simple speech • Simple writing • Tone of voice Visuospatial skills • Perceptual grouping • Face perception Source: Based on Gazzaniga, M. S. (2000). Cerebral specialization and interhemispheric communication: Does the corpus callosum enable the human condition? Brain, 123, 1293–1326; M. Gazzaniga & J. E. LeDoux (1978). The Integrated Mind. New York: Plenum Press.

A Tour of Brain-Mapping Methods (2 of 6) LO 3 A Tour of Brain-Mapping Methods (2 of 6) LO 3.4a Identify different brain-stimulating, -recording, and -imaging techniques. Electroencephalograph Measures electrical activity via electrodes placed on skull Can tell which regions of the brain are active during specific tasks 28

Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 7E

A Tour of Brain-Mapping Methods (4 of 6) LO 3 A Tour of Brain-Mapping Methods (4 of 6) LO 3.4a Identify different brain-stimulating, -recording, and -imaging techniques. Positron emission tomography (PET) measures consumption of glucose-like molecules to give a picture of neural activity. Functional MRI (fMRI) uses magnetic fields to visualize brain activity. These both measure structure and function.