Architecture & Urban Planning Civilizations developed various architecture and urban planning Ziggurats: Mesopotamia - temples and altars were placed in ziggurats - religious importance Pyramids: Egypt - mostly built during the “Old Kingdon” Burial places for Pharaohs to prepare for afterlife Defensive Walls: Sumerian city-states had defensive walls to protect from invasion Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus Valley had indoor plumbing and a city sewage system

Record Keeping Systems Early civilizations independently developed forms of writing and record keeping Cuneiform - Sumer First writing system Markings on clay tablets, which would be hardened by fire Led to scribes - record-keepers and writers Hieroglyphics - Egypt (3000 B.C.E.) Similar to cuneiform, written on papyrus Found in tombs

Legal Codes Legal codes developed that demonstrated social hierarchies Code of Ur-Nammu (Sumer) Created around 2100 B.C.E. Oldest code of law that survives to today Clear consequences for punishments “If a man commits a murder, that man must be killed” Code of Hammurabi (Babylonia) 282 written laws “Eye for an eye” Punishments did vary based on social class

Religions Vedic Religion: Originated in present-day Northern India 1500 B.C.E. - 500 B.C.E. Many gods and a focus on rituals Precursor of Hinduism

Religions Hebrew monotheism: Lived in Canaan - Israel, Palestine, and Lebanon Founded by Abraham Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament) Adopted monotheism - belief in one god Moses led his people out of Egypt Introduced the 10 Commandments

Religions Zoroastrianism: Founded by Zarathustra, in Persia Belief in one god Lesser gods existed, but were not worshipped Belief in heaven and hell Avestas - texts based on Zarathustra’s beliefs

Interregional Exchanges Mesopotamia produced pottery, cloth, bronze goods Trade between Mesopotamia and Egypt Mesopotamia received gold from Egypt Trade between Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley Mesopotamia received pearls, copper, and ivory from the Indus Valley

Interregional Exchanges Trade between Egypt and Nubia Egypt sought gold, ivory, and cattle from Nubia Trade between China and Southwest Asia The Shang dynasty acquired tin, jade, and bronze from areas of Asia

Social Hierarchies As states expanded, hierarchies, especially patriarchy intensified

Quick Recap Importance of ziggurats, pyramids, and defensive walls Cuneiform and Hieroglyphics Codes of Un-Nammu and Hammurabi Vedic Religion -> Hinduism Hebrew Monotheism Zoroastrianism Interregional exchanges Bantu Migrations -> cultural diffusion You are done with period 1!