Effects of silver nanoparticles on nitrification and associated nitrous oxide production in aquatic environments by Yanling Zheng, Lijun Hou, Min Liu,

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Effects of silver nanoparticles on nitrification and associated nitrous oxide production in aquatic environments by Yanling Zheng, Lijun Hou, Min Liu, Silvia E. Newell, Guoyu Yin, Chendi Yu, Hongli Zhang, Xiaofei Li, Dengzhou Gao, Juan Gao, Rong Wang, and Cheng Liu Science Volume 3(8):e1603229 August 2, 2017 Copyright © 2017 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).

Fig. 1 Percentage reduction of nitrification rate in AgNP or Ag+ treatments compared to the no-silver control (incubation time = 12 hours; n = 3). Percentage reduction of nitrification rate in AgNP or Ag+ treatments compared to the no-silver control (incubation time = 12 hours; n = 3). EC10 and EC50 represent the concentrations that produced a 10 or 50% reduction in nitrification rate relative to the control, respectively. Nonlinear fitted curves (ExpDec1) and equations are given (P < 0.01). Yanling Zheng et al. Sci Adv 2017;3:e1603229 Copyright © 2017 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).

Fig. 2 Effect of AgNPs or Ag+ on N2O emission during nitrification (incubation time = 12 hours). Effect of AgNPs or Ag+ on N2O emission during nitrification (incubation time = 12 hours). Data show the percentage changes of N2O emission in the AgNP or Ag+ treatments compared to the no-silver control (n = 3). Nonlinear fitted curves (Gauss) and equations are given (P < 0.01). Yanling Zheng et al. Sci Adv 2017;3:e1603229 Copyright © 2017 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).

Fig. 3 Identification of key N2O production pathways. Identification of key N2O production pathways. (A) SP values. (B) Contribution of NH2OH oxidation pathway to N2O emission. (C) Isotopomer ratios at the central site of N2O. (D) Isotopomer ratios at the end site of N2O. Horizontal lines indicate the median, five-point stars show the mean, asterisks indicate outlier, the boxes give the 25th and 75th percentiles, and whiskers show range from the 5th to 95th percentile. Control group represents the incubation without silver. The 10 nm, 30 nm, 100 nm, and Ag+ in the “N2O stimulation” area represent the incubations with AgNPs (100 μg liter−1, 10 nm; 500 μg liter−1, 30 nm; and 1000 μg liter−1, 100 nm) and Ag+ (5 μg liter−1), wherein 43.0, 84.1, 121.5, and 73.9% of N2O emission enhancement were detected, respectively. The 10 nm, 30 nm, 100 nm, and Ag+ in the “N2O inhibition” area represent the incubations with AgNPs (2000 μg liter−1, 10 nm; 3000 μg liter−1, 30 nm; and 3000 μg liter−1, 100 nm) and Ag+ (500 μg liter−1), wherein 89.9, 48.3, 19.0, and 59.3% of N2O emission inhibition were detected, respectively. The incubation time was 12 hours. Yanling Zheng et al. Sci Adv 2017;3:e1603229 Copyright © 2017 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).

Fig. 4 Response of nitrifying communities to AgNP exposure. Response of nitrifying communities to AgNP exposure. (A) Schematic model depicting the effects of AgNPs on the expression of gene families involved in nitrification. N2O can be produced through NO2− reduction (the bold pink arrows) or incomplete NH2OH oxidation (the bold blue arrows). Upward green arrows indicate that the gene expressions were up-regulated when exposed to AgNPs, the downward red arrows indicate that the gene expressions were down-regulated, and “N” denotes that gene expression was not affected by AgNP exposure. CusA, Cu(I)/Ag(I) efflux system membrane protein cusA; CusB, Cu(I)/Ag(I) efflux system periplasmic protein cusB; amo, ammonia monooxygenase; hao, hydroxylamine oxidase; Cyt554, cytochrome c554; mCyt552, cytochrome cm552; nir, nitrite reductase (NO-forming) nirK; nor, nitric oxide reductase norQ; nxr, nitrite oxidoreductase; Cyt551, cytochrome c551; Cyt552, cytochrome c552; Cyt553, cytochrome c553; Q, ubiquinone; QH2, ubiquinol. The roman numbers refer to the enzyme complex I (NADH-ubiquinone reductase), complex III (ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase), complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase), and complex V (F-type ATPase) in the respiratory chain (related gene expression regulations by AgNPs are shown in fig. S12). Colored proteins were detected in the cDNA libraries, whereas those in dark gray were not identified but are included in the model of electron transport for reference (74). Dotted blue arrows show the movement of electrons, and white arrows show movement of protons. The membrane was broken by dotted line, as nitrite oxidation did not often occur in the same organism with ammonia oxidation, with the exception of recently discovered comammox Nitrospira (55, 56). (B) Fold change (FC) of transcripts encoding proteins involved in heavy metal stress response, oxidative stress release, and the nitrogen transformation process of nitrifying organisms when exposed to 30-nm AgNP (500 μg liter−1) for 12 hours. FC in relative gene expression was calculated by comparing AgNP-treated samples to the no-silver control. Gene expression levels were calculated on the basis of FPKM. (C) Contribution of different pathways to N2O emission in the no-silver control and the 30-nm AgNP (500 μg liter−1) treatment. (D) TEM image of the no-silver control at 12 hours. (E) TEM image of the 30-nm AgNP (500 μg liter−1) treatment at 12 hours. No apparent physical damage to the cell surface was observed. Yanling Zheng et al. Sci Adv 2017;3:e1603229 Copyright © 2017 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).