HISTORY Presented by: Abegail Balentos Marianne Pearl Agusan BSED Soc. Stud. 1-A

DEFINITIONS OF HISTORY

History (from Greek ἱστορία, historia, meaning "inquiry, knowledge acquired by investigation")is the study of the past as it is described in written documents.

HISTORY Events occurring before written record are considered prehistory. Branch of knowledge that deals with past events.

HISTORY It is an umbrella term that relates to past events as well as the memory, discovery, collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation of information about these events.

HISTORY History can also refer to the academic discipline which uses a narrative to examine and analyse a sequence of past events, and objectively determine the patterns of cause and effect that determine them.

HISTORY A continuous, systematic narrative of past events as relating to a particular people, country, period, person, etc., usually written as a chronological account; chronicle.

HISTORY HAS BEEN DEFINED DIFFERENTLY BY DIFFERENT SCHOLARS

Burkhardt: "History is the record of what one age finds worthy of note in another." Henry Johnson: "History, in its broadest sense, is everything that ever happened."

Smith,V.S: "The Value and interest of history depends largely on the degree in which the present is illuminated by the past." Rapson: "History is a connected accountof the course of events or progress of ideas."

Jawaharlal Nehru: "History is the story of Man's struggle through the ages against Nature and the elements; against wild beasts and the jungle and some of his own kind who have tried to keep him down and exploit him for their own benefit."

The definitions explain history as a significant records of events of the past, a meaningful story of mankind depicting the details of what happened. Mainly it deals with the human world.

Types of History by Subfield

Political History ∆ The story of government, political leaders, electoral activities, the making of policy,and the interaction of branches of government.

Diplomatic History ∆ The study of the relations between nations, diplomats, and ideas of diplomacy.

Social History ∆ The study of ways and customs of family, education, children, demography (population change) and voluntary institutions (churches, for example).v

Cultural History ∆ The study of language and its uses, of the arts and literature, sport, and entertainment in constructing cultural category.

Economic History ∆ The study on how the entire system of production and consumption (or any of the 2 parts) works, of markets, industry, credit, and working people at all levels of the system.

Intellectual History The study of ideology and epestimology, analyzing how ideas affect humans, and how the material world affects human ideas.

HISTORIANS

A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past, and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the study of all history in time.

Herodotus was a Greek historian who was born in Halicarnassus in the Persian Empire (modern-day Bodrum, Turkey) and lived in the fifth century BC (c. 484–c. 425 BC), a contemporary of Thucydides, Socrates, and Euripides. HERODUTOS

He was the first historian known to have broken from Homeric tradition to treat historical subjects as a method of investigation—specifically, by collecting his materials systematically and critically, and then arranging them into a historiographic narrative.

Stubbs was an English historian and Anglican bishop. He was Regius Professor of Modern History at the University of Oxford between 1866 and He was Bishop of Chester from 1884 to 1889 and Bishop of Oxford from 1889 to WILLIAM STUBBS (21 June 1825 – 22 April 1901)

THUCYDIDES Thucydides (c. 460 – c. 400 BC) was an Athenian historian and general. His History of the Peloponnesian War recounts the fifth-century BC war between Sparta and Athens until the year 411 BC. Thucydides has been dubbed the father of "scientific history" by those who accept his claims to have applied strict standards of impartiality and evidence-gathering and analysis of cause and effect, without reference to intervention by the deities, as outlined in his introduction to his work.

Types of History Sources

Academic writing sources are the materials used by the writer to gather information about their subject. They are used to support arguments and theories given by historians and students of history.

Materials used to study history can be classified into three types: primary, secondary, and tertiary sources. Print sources, such as books or journals, are commonly used sources, but a source could also be recorded music or video, Internet sites or physical objects.

Primary sources - are contemporaneous to the subject being studied. They could be objects, letters, journal or news paper. They must originate from the time being studied to be accepted as a primary source, this can include copied images of an original document, or reprinted editions of a book. If a historian was studying a Abraham Lincoln, diaries and letters written by Lincoln would be primary sources.

Secondary Sources – are nearly always textual: books or journals. A secondary source would be an article written about a primary source. To continue the example above, an essay or book written about Abraham Lincoln based on his diaries or letters would be a secondary source.

Tertiary Sources – are sources that rely on secondary sources for their information. This would include most school textbooks, essays written at school that site textbooks and secondary sources. Books and essays that are historiographical in nature, so discuss the way in which history is presented, are tertiary sources.