Responsive Parenting “in Early Childhood Development” By Dr. Sadiq Hussain Assistant Professor/HoD Behavioral Sciences Department Karakoram International University Gilgit Gilgit-Baltistan-Pakistan Transforming Society through Early Childhood Development (September 10th & 11th, 2018) Musharraf Hall, KIU

BEGINNING OF Parenting The new born baby is fairly helpless at the time of birth. He depends on parents or caregivers to fulfill his basic needs such as food, shelter, protection, and warmth. Parenting is the process of raising and educating a child from birth until adulthood (usually done in a child’s family by the mother & the father). The infant uses mother as base for reassurance in the process of exploring his world.

PARENTING STYLES Diana Baumrind (1973) conceptualized the theory of parenting styles; she has described various dimension of parenting such as warmth and nurturance, demands, controls, and communication between parent and child She classified these parenting characteristics into three styles: Permissive, Authoritarian, and Authoritative.

Characteristics of different parenting Styles High in Low in Permissive Parenting Nurturance Demands, controls, and communication Authoritarian Control & demand Nurturance and communication Authoritative Nurturance, demand, control & communication Nil

Which parenting style is better? Permissive Parenting: also known as uninvolved, detached, dismissive or hands- off parenting style. Very few rules (not enforced all the time or properly), loose structure, children given much leeway (freedom) in deciding activities, rules, and schedules. Authoritarian Parenting: expect much but explain nothing “Because I said so” punitive, controlling parenting strategies, obedience oriented, and less responsive to their children's need. Authoritative Parenting: also known as democratic parenting has give and take nature. Clearly define limits and controls, encourage independent, use justifiable and logical punishment, open communication between child and parent is encouraged. Most parenting styles blend, as the mother and father may exhibit different types of behavior.

Outcomes associated with different parenting styles The link between parenting styles and how children grow and develop is very complex. Parenting Style Associated Outcomes Permissive Immature, impulsive, demanding, but more emotionally stable & independent. Authoritarian Lack of social competence, increased aggression among boys, and withdrawal from social contact, less skilled, lower self-esteem, and likely to be lead by others (in adulthood). Authoritative Greater self-reliance & confidence, more sociable & socially responsible, and willing to explore.

Other Parenting Styles According to IPAR Theory (Rohner, 2005), two dimension of parental behavior Acceptance Rejection Acceptance; It refers to warmth, affection, comfort, nurturance or simply love that parents or attachment figure feel and express toward their children. It has two ways of expression either physical or verbal; Physical acceptance can be expressed by different ways like hugging, caressing, kissing, smiling and other indications of approval. Verbal acceptance includes praising, complementing, singing songs, telling stories and telling nice things to or about the child. Rejection; It mean absence or significant withdrawal of warmth, affection, caring, nurturance or simple love by parents toward their children and characterized by presence of the variety of physically and psychologically hurtful behaviors and emotions as measured by PARQ. Abusive and Neglecting Parenting etc.

References Baumrind, D. (1973). The development of instrumental competence through socialization. In Bee & Boyd (Eds), The developing child. Pearson Education. Rohner, R.. P. ( 2005 ). Handbook for the study of parental acceptance and rejection(4th ed). Storrs, CT: Rohner Research Publications.

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