Hippocrates 460BC-370BC Galen 130AD-210AD Avicenna 980-1037AD Summary 4 Humours Careful observation Hippocratic Oath Hippocratic Corpus (60+books) Programme for Health Belief of 4 Humours Use of opposites Galen's books show a good knowledge of bone structure. He also studied the lungs, the muscles, the heart and blood and the nervous system Has been called the Father of Modern Medicine. Avicenna described how contagious diseases spread and necessary methods of quarantine Significance Encouraged observation Professionalism in doctors still evident today Greek doctors developed the first rational system of medicine; rational means: based on logic and common sense Ideas approved by Christian Church and not challenged despite being wrong (jaw bone, kidneys) Ideas lasted for over 1000 years Roman ideas of medicine did not progress Wrote a million-word textbook ‘Canon’ covering all aspects of medicine Islamic doctors developed new techniques in medicine, dissection, surgery and pharmacology. They founded the first hospitals and introduced physician training

William Harvey 1578-1657 1749-1823 Ambroise Pare 1510-1590 Andreas Vesalius 1514-1564 William Harvey 1578-1657 Edward Jenner 1749-1823 Summary Military surgeon Treated wounds using turpentine instead of hot oil. Used ligatures to stop bleeding after amputations, instead of cauterisation with a hot iron. Challenged Galen by dissecting humans instead of animals. He said that medical students should perform dissections for themselves Published his ideas in the ‘Fabric of the Human Body’ 1543 Developed theory of circulation of blood and that veins had valves. Challenged Galen’s idea that the liver produced blood. Developed first vaccine for smallpox using cowpox- he injected James Phipps with pus from cowpox sores which gave him immunity. Published his findings in 1798 Significance In 1575 he published his work, which suggested changes to the way surgeons treated wounds and amputations. Changed doctors' views on surgery. Impact on medicine limited though as only the rich could pay for treatments still. His work was widely circulated due to the invention of printing Challenged the ideas of Galen opening way for improvements (if slowly) First person to challenge ideas of Christian Church. Little impact on treating the sick. People were no healthier. After publishing his work some patient refused to be treated by him as they no longer trusted him. Some refused to accept his ideas as they were unable to see capillaries; it was another 60years before technology was good enough for this. Smallpox was a major killer before Edward Jenner’s vaccination Jenner was unable to explain why vaccination worked. He faced much opposition to his ideas from doctors who stood to lose money. Parliament granted him £30,000 to set up a vaccination clinic in London and later introduced compulsory vaccination of children.

Robert Koch 1843-1910 Paul Ehrlich 1854-1915 Summary Louis Pasteur 1822-1895 Summary Carried out a series of experiments to prove that bacteria (germs) make milk and beer go bad. Author of ‘Germ Theory’, challenging the theory that ‘spontaneous generation’ and miasmas caused disease. Use of new technologies, e.g. Lister’s telescope helped him make his discoveries. Significance Pasteur did not only influence other breakthroughs in medicine, he changed peoples understanding of the causes of disease. His evidence helped reformers in Britain pass the 1875 Public Health Act Inspired Lister to use antiseptics to reduce infection before and after surgery. Robert Koch 1843-1910 Summary Developed the scientific methods during the 1870s that helped scientists to identify specific bacteria He was able to find the bacteria which caused TB and cholera, Significance He finally laid to rest the belief that ‘bad air’ caused disease. He inspired many other younger researchers to build on his work. He had developed research techniques that others could use throughout the world. Paul Ehrlich 1854-1915 Summary He reasoned that if certain dyes could stain bacteria, perhaps certain chemicals could kill them. By 1914 he had discovered several 'magic bullets‘; these helped him identify treatments for malaria and syphilis. Significance He coined the word ‘chemotherapy’ for the use of chemicals in the treatment or control of diseases. In 1908 Ehrlich received the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his research on the immune system

James Simpson 1847 Significance Summary Came across anaesthetic (pain relief) properties of chloroform at a house party. James Simpson pioneered the use of chloroform in surgery and midwifery. Significance Hard for an accurate dose to be given so risky at first. Not accepted by everyone until Queen Victoria ‘blessed’ the drug. Didn’t lower death rates as operations were now longer, which led to more blood loss and infection. Joseph Lister 1827-1912 Summary He sprayed instruments and bandages with solution of carbolic acid to kill germs. He insisted that doctors who worked for him wash their hands in calcium chloride before and after operations Significance Known as the ‘Father of Antiseptic Surgery’. Trained British surgeons. Cut the death rate among his patients from 46 to 15 per cent Laid foundations of move to aseptic surgery However not accepted by all as made operating theatres unpleasant and using carbolic spray slowed operations down.

Edwin Chadwick 1800-1890 Dr John Snow 1813-1858 Joseph Bazalgette 1819-1891 Summary Proposed improving drainage and sewers; removing refuse from streets and houses; providing clean water supplies; appointing medical officers in each area to check the reforms. Based his work on meticulous studies of Broad Street, London Conducted house-to-house interviews and recorded findings on a map Connected London to a sewer network. He saw to it that the flow of foul water from old sewers and underground rivers was intercepted, and diverted to new treatment works Significance His 1842 report proved that the poor live in dirty, overcrowded conditions; this causes a huge amount of illness; The rich should be taxed to help the poor. Report helped pass 1848 Public Health Act He established the link between cholera and infected water as he had the pump disabled by removal of the handle. He also worked out safe doses of anaesthetics and treated Queen Victoria Bazalgette had a significant impact both on London's appearance and, through his design of an efficient sewage system, on the health of its inhabitants. Many cities around the world copied his design

Howard Florey (1898-1968) Ernst Chain (1906-1979) Alexander Fleming 1881-1955 Howard Florey (1898-1968) Ernst Chain (1906-1979) Summary The first antibiotic penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928. He noticed that some bacteria he had left in a petri dish had been killed by naturally occurring penicillium mould. Proved penicillin’s potential by testing it on mice. Florey and Chain learned how to produce penicillin on a large scale. The penicillin drug became widely available following the US introduction into WWII during 1941 Significance He published his ideas but took no further action. Penicillin got nicknamed “the wonder drug” and in 1945 Fleming, Chain and Florey were awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine Now, doctors could effectively cure infectious disease Paved way for the era of the antibiotics, saved many lives. Some germs now becoming resistant.

Seebohm Rowntree 1871-1954 William Beveridge 1879-1963 Aneurin ‘Nye’ David Lloyd George 1863-1945 Seebohm Rowntree 1871-1954 William Beveridge 1879-1963 Aneurin ‘Nye’ Bevan 1897-1960 Summary Regarded as the founder of the British welfare state his 1909 budget has been called the 'people's budget' since it provided social insurance Insisted on raising taxes on the well-off to pay for old age pensions and the National Insurance Act of 1911. Provided detailed evidence that more than a quarter of the people in York were living in poverty Proved that poverty in the 1930s was mostly the result of unemployment rather than low wages In 1942, produced a report about ways to fight the five ‘Giant Evils’: Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor and Idleness. Proposed a free national health service Minister for Health in the post war (1945 – 51) Labour Government that introduced the NHS Great public speaker Significance Changed public perception of welfare Changed governments perceptions and responsibility for welfare As a result, he increased his own workers’ wages and continued his research. His 1941 report showed a 50 per cent reduction in poverty since 1901 Changes perceptions of poverty being self inflicted As a consequence of his report, the National Health Service was introduced in 1948 with free medical treatment for all. Benefits also provided 'social security‘ for all as is the case today Inspired others to believe that Medical treatment should be available to rich and poor alike in accordance with medical need and no other criteria.

Dr Christiaan Barnard 1922-2001 Crick 1916-2004 and Watson 1928 - Summary In April 1953, they published the news of their discovery, a molecular structure of DNA based on all its known features Their model served to explain how DNA replicates and how hereditary information is coded on it. Significance This set the stage for the rapid advances in molecular biology that continue to this day Crick and Watson, together with Maurice Wilkins, won the 1962 Nobel Prize in Medicine for their discovery of the structure of DNA Dr Christiaan Barnard 1922-2001 Summary Performed first heart transplant Used teams of surgeons and doctors sharing their expertise New retroviral drugs used to ensure organs were not rejected by the body Significance Made medical history by ‘taking risks’ as he said Laid foundations of modern day heart surgery