Augustus (Octavian) Roman Emperor 27 BC–AD 14 . Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian took the title of Augustus when he became the sole ruler of the Roman empire in 27 BC; he was its first emperor and, as the political and legal heir of Julius *Caesar, his achievements were outstanding. Augustus probably feared the power enjoyed by Mark Antony in the East, cantered on Egypt, and he focused considerable attention on a propaganda war against Antony and Queen Cleopatra VII, accusing Antony of debauchery and treachery to Rome.

This hostile verbal attack was followed by military action when he declared war on Cleopatra and Antony; he defeated them at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and pursued them to Alexandria, where they committed suicide rather than submit to defeat and the humiliation to which he would have subjected them.   Octavian ordered that Ptolemy Caesarion (Cleopatra’s son by Julius Caesar) should be killed, but he allowed the children of Mark Antony and the queen to survive and to rule Egypt nominally for eighteen days before he took over on August 31, 30 BC.

Egypt then became a Roman province and lost all independence Egypt then became a Roman province and lost all independence. Unlike other major Roman provinces, which were governed by the Roman Senate, Octavian created a special status for Egypt so that it became subject only to the Emperor who nominated a Prefect to govern it; the first of these was Cornelius Gallus (30–29 BC). Augustus visited Egypt only on the occasion of conquest in 30 BC, but he introduced wide-ranging reforms there.  

Relief of Augustus at Kalabsha

Roman Emperor presents collar to Apis