Lab 3: Tissue Classification, Body Membranes and Skin Human Anatomy & Physiology Human A&P Laboratory Manual Volume 1: Third Custom Edition for APSU Lab 3: Tissue Classification, Body Membranes and Skin

Lab 3 Activities Learn the characteristics of the four main tissue types including their developmental origins Review histology slides illustrating the variations of the four main tissue types Review the major body membranes Review histology slides illustrating the structure of skin  Review skin model to reinforce understanding of the structure of skin

General Characteristics of Epithelial Tissues High Cellularity: densely packed into layer(s) with little extracellular matrix Polarity – two distinct sides apical surface facing a space (or potential space) basal surface supported by connective tissue Specialized Contacts – intercellular junctions attach cells together Innervated but avascular (no direct blood supply) Regeneration – cells replaced at a high rate

Classification of Epithelial Tissues by the Shape of Cells

Classification of Epithelial Tissues by the Number of Layers Simple epithelia simple squamous simple cuboidal simple columnar Stratified types named according to cell shape of the apical layer Stratified squamous

Classification of Epithelial Tissues by the Number of Layers Note: some types do not fit well into this scheme: Pseudostratified = “falsely” stratified Transitional > changes shape

Squamous epithelial (cheek) cells (scraped from stratified squamous epithelium) Slide #3 Slide #3 © Lisa A. Caviness © Lisa A. Caviness

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Simple Squamous Epithelium Slide # 6 (surface view, 100X) Slide #6 (surface view, 400X) © Lisa A. Caviness

Alternative examples of simple squamous tissues Slide # 7, kidney section, 100X Parietal capsule of glomeruli Sectional view, inside lining of blood vessels © Lisa A. Caviness

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Slide # 7, kidney section, 100X © Lisa A. Caviness

Alternate Example of Simple Cuboidal Ducts of some glands Slide # 37, thyroid section, 100X © Lisa A. Caviness

Simple Columnar Epithelium Slide # 4, uterine tube, 400X (ciliated) © Lisa A. Caviness

Alternate Simple Columnar Epithelium Slides © Lisa A. Caviness Slide #8 Slide #8 © Lisa A. Caviness

Stratified Squamous Epithelium Slide #25 plantar skin © Lisa A. Caviness

Stratified Squamous Epithelium keratinized versus non-keratinized Slide #25 plantar skin Slide #56 esophagus © Lisa A. Caviness © Lisa A. Caviness

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

Transitional Epithelium Slide #10 transitional epithelium © Lisa A. Caviness

Transitional Epithelium - Bladder relaxed versus stretched Slide #10 Slide #10

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium Slide #11 Slide #11

Characteristics of Connective Tissues Low Cellularity – widely scattered cells surrounded by extracellular matrix consisting of: ground substance (gelatinous glycoproteins, and …) structural fibers (collagen, elastin, reticulin protiens) Innervated and Vascular (usually, but varies) Usually quite regenerative

Major Classes of Connective Tissue

Embryonic Connective Tissue --Mesenchyme

Figure 4.7A Areolar Connective Tissue: A Prototype Connective Tissue

Areolar Connective Tissue

Areolar Connective Tissue Slide #12 Slide #12

Adipose Connective Tissue Slide 13, adipose, 100X © Lisa A. Caviness

Adipose Tissue Slide #13 Slide #13 © Lisa A. Caviness

Reticular Connective Tissues Slide #14

Dense Regular (Fibrous) Connective Tissues Slide #15 © Lisa A. Caviness

Regular Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue Slide #15

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Hyaline Cartilage Slide #17, 100X © Lisa A. Caviness

Hyaline Cartilage Slide #17, 100X Slide #17, 400X

Elastic Cartilage (slide 16) © Lisa A. Caviness

Elastic Cartilage Slide #16

Fibro-cartilage (slide 18)

Fibrocartilage Slide #18

Bone (Osseous Tissue) (slide 19)

Bone Tissue (dried) Slide #19

Types of Bone Compact: appears very dense most of the bone mass in the body Spongy: appears poorly organized tiny bone struts = trabeculae

Blood (Vascular Tissue) (slide 20) © Lisa A. Caviness

Blood Cells Slide #20

Muscle Tissues Characteristics of muscle tissues High degree of cellularity Cells contain contractile proteins Well vascularized

Muscle Tissues: Skeletal (Slide 21) © Lisa A. Caviness

Skeletal Muscle Cross-sectioned Long-sectioned © Lisa A. Caviness

Muscle Tissues: Cardiac

Muscle Types Slide #21 Slide #22 Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle attached to bones multinucleate voluntary fibers are parallel and cylindrical Cardiac muscle most of the heart wall single nucleus involuntary branched cylinders connected by intercalated discs Slide #21 Slide #22

Muscle Tissues: Smooth (SLIDE 23)

Muscle Types Smooth muscle non-striated walls of hollow organs: blood vessels, digestive tract, airways, bladder involuntary single nucleus spindle shaped

Nervous Tissue Slide #24 Two basic cell types: neurons Neuroglia transmit electrochemical signals cell body (soma) and extensions dendrites (highly branched) – carry incoming signal axon (long, usually single strand) – carry outgoing signal Neuroglia Support neurons Slide #24 © Lisa A. Caviness

Nervous Tissue (Slide 24) © Lisa A. Caviness

Epithelial Membranes: Serous Membranes

Epithelial Membranes (Body Membranes) A membrane is an epithelial tissue and its supporting connective tissue Muc0us Membranes

Epithelial Membranes: The Cutaneous Membrane

The Skin

Hairy Skin Root Follicle Sebaceous glands Arrector pili muscles © Lisa A. Caviness

Plantar Skin Epidermis Dermis Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Dermis Duct of sweat gland © Lisa A. Caviness

Plantar Skin Epidermis Dermis Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Dermis © Lisa A. Caviness

Take Advantage of Available Histology Resources http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/Histo/frames/h_fram13.html http://www.med.uiuc.edu/histo/small/atlas/slides.htm http://www.pathguy.com/histo/000.htm

End Lab 3 Presentation