South Africa & Apartheid Apartheid (1948-1994): The legal, political and economic segregation of non-European peoples from whites in South Africa. South Africa & Apartheid Note: The racial terms used in this lecture are common to South Africa and are not considered insulting there. In the USA, “colored” is insulting when referring to African-Americans.

South African History 1600s – The Dutch colonized South Africa. Their descendants are known as Afrikaners or Boers. The British conquered, then ruled South Africa until 1910. South Africa became independent. Descendants of the British ruled independent South Africa until 1948. In 1948, the Afrikaners again took power.

Apartheid The Afrikaners instituted apartheid (legal segregation) in 1948. Goal was to use blacks’ cheap labor, but not let them live in the cities.

Apartheid Racial Hierarchy Whites. In the middle were Asians + Colored (mixed race). Blacks.

Mixed marriage was illegal Blacks had to live in “homelands” Jobs only in white areas/cities All non-whites carried a pass book while in cities.

Many white South Africans lived in nice houses.

Most black South Africans lived in shantytowns.

When blacks protested, the government used violence.

Boycott Helped Bring Apartheid Down U.S. got rid of legal segregation in the 1960s. In the 1970s and 1980s, international boycotts vs. South Africa. Blacks kept on resisting, often but not always peacefully.

PARTNER/SHARE How should black South Africans have resisted apartheid? Violently? Non-violently? What are the pros and cons of each path?

Children’s Drawing – Red Location Museum Resistance The African National Congress (ANC) led the resistance. Children’s Drawing – Red Location Museum

Nelson Mandela: Before and… After Prison

After 27 years in this and other prison cells

Leaders Mandela ---> Head of ANC Released in 1990 to help the government end Apartheid peacefully First black president of South Africa (1994)

Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) Headed by Bishop Desmond Tutu.

How it Worked The TRC offered amnesty for crimes committed by government officials and violent anti-apartheid fighters. They had to tell everything about the crimes they had committed on live national television. If they refused to testify, or lied, they would go to prison. The crimes had to be politically motivated.

Widows Finally Found Out Details of Husbands’ Deaths

The TRC Helped to Heal the Nation

But Serious Inequality Remains 5.7 million people are HIV +. Poverty + inequality, even though discrimination is no longer legal. Violence. Country hit by huge crime wave in the 1990s and 2000s.

Economic Inequality Apartheid ended in 1994. Student: teacher ratio of 18:1for white schools (96% of teachers were certified) and 39:1 for black schools (just 15% were certified).