Overview of Political Ideologies

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Presentation transcript:

Overview of Political Ideologies

Foundational Disputes The various ideologies tend to differ in their opinions on: Human Nature Individual versus Collective Conception of Freedom

Four key Functions of an Ideology Explanatory - How the world works. Evaluative - Deciding whether things are good or bad. Orientation - Supplies the holder with a sense of identity. Programmatic - What to do and how to do it.

Liberalism Desire for a free, open, tolerant society Humans as rational and able to recognize and promote self-interest Liberty and equality of opportunity

Liberalism’s Four Functions’ Explanatory: Social conditions are the result of individual choices and actions. Evaluative: Societies work best when individuals are free to do as they wish without harming or violating rights of others. Orientation: Rational, self-interested individuals (and hence equal) Programmatic: programs for promoting individual liberty and opportunity.

Conservatism Human imperfection Focused on conserving the existing social order Custom and tradition are valued Acceptance of inequality Freedom and order

Conservatism’s Four Functions Explanatory: Social conditions are the result of human imperfections (intellectual and moral) Evaluative: Success is a question of social order and harmony. Orientation: Each of us is part of a whole, and we should act with the interest of society (not just self) in mind. Programmatic: Slow and cautious change

Socialism Focused on the flaws of Liberalism Individualism and Social Class Economics and Political Power Economic Equality as ‘True Equality’ Economic Planning and the Welfare State

Socialism’s Four Functions Explanatory: Social conditions can only be understood by reference to economic and class relations. Evaluative: Sharpness of economic : divisions determines health of society. Orientation: People should think of themselves in terms of their economic (class) position. Programmatic: Policies must be put into place to advance economic equality (which is a prerequisite for ‘true’ political equality)