(TO CHANGE OR REORGANIZE) THE REFORMATION (TO CHANGE OR REORGANIZE)

CAUSES OF THE REFORMATION Forces that weakened the Catholic Church: New emphasis on secular (worldly) & individuals vs. religion (Middle Ages) Merchants want to be leaders, not Church clergy/popes Merchants did not want to pay TITHES (taxes) to Church Printing press spreading ideas faster! Church clergy corrupt & poorly educated! King Philip IV of France – 1301 - Disagreement with the Pope over taxes

Early Reformers – before Luther John Wycliffe: Believed the Bible not the Church was the supreme religious authority Had Bible translated from Latin to English Accused of Heresy – Many followers burned to death Jan Hus: Believed the true head of the Church was Jesus Christ Purify the Church by calling for end to corruption Wanted Bible translated into common languages Arrested – heresy and burned at the stake Catherine of Sienna: Devoted and felt a direct connection with God Visions of Jesus and promised to be his “bride” While devout Catholic, showed that people could lead spiritual lives beyond the norms of the church Made a saint by the church 80 years after her death

MARTIN LUTHER Monk from Wittenberg, GER. Took stand against church’s INDULGENCES: pardon that bought your way into heaven Posted 95 THESES on Church door attacking this idea & “pardon merchants”, Oct. 31st, 1517 Began the Reformation  movement for religious reform

M. LUTHER’S THREE MAIN IDEAS 1. Can only win salvation by faith alone in God 2. Bible is ultimate authority & all teachings should be based on it 3. All people with faith are equal before God

WHAT HAPPENED TO M. LUTHER? Pope was unhappy! Threatened Luther with EXCOMMUNICATION (kick out) unless he RECANT (take back) his statements Luther threw decree in a bonfire & Pope excommunicated Luther  Edict of Worms (outlaw & heretic) Holy Roman Emperor (Charles V) was ANGRY & sent him to Town of Worms for trial

Video Time!

WILL LUTHER RETURN? A prince sheltered Luther for 2 years Luther translated New Testament into German Luther returns! Found priests now dressing in regular clothes & called ministers Now leading church service in German, not Latin! New religious sect: LUTHERANS

REVOLT AGAINST LUTHER 1524 German peasants like Luther’s ideas  demand end to serfdom (slavery) & started a revolt Luther mad! Told German princes to crush revolt successful Peasants felt betrayed & rejected Luther

GERMANY AT WAR, Part I Most northern German princes supported Lutheranism  went against Pope Signed a protest against the Church Protesting Princes  PROTESTANT term applied to Christians belonging to non- Catholic Churches

GERMANY AT WAR, PART II Holy Roman Emperor CHARLES V (Hapsburg family) went to war against Protestant Princes & defeated them But couldn’t make them come back to the Catholic Church Tired of fighting  signed PEACE OF AUGSBURG (1555) Religion of each German state be decided by its ruler (own Pope) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1o8oIELbNxE

ENGLAND BECOMES PROTESTANT TUDOR FAMILY: King Henry VIII wants a son, but wife too old! Divorce not allowed (Pope’s rule) Henry calls Parliament (government) to pass laws that end Pope’s power in England  REFORMATION PARLIAMENT Henry marries Anne Boleyn

NO MORE POPE IN ENGLAND ACT OF SUPREMACY: Made English King—not the pope—the head of England’s Church

HENRY VIII’s CHILDREN Henry’s 3 kids: Mary, Elizabeth, & Edward Edward ruled for 6 years, then died Mary took over & was Catholic, so turned Church back over to the pope! Mary pushed out, and Elizabeth restores Protestantism She becomes head of the Church of England, or ANGLICAN CHURCH

SPANISH ARMADA Mary’s husband, King Philip II of Spain (Catholic), was angry & planned attack on England Sent 130 ships, 8,000 sailors, & 19,000 soldiers England defeated the Spanish (under Elizabeth’s rule)

REFORMATION SPREADS Word spreads to France to JOHN CALVIN Writes book that says all humans are sinful & CAN’T EARN salvation  only a few are already CHOSEN PREDESTINATION = God has already chosen those to save (predetermined) New religion, CALVINISM (Protestant sect); based out of Geneva, Switz.  STRICT!

PROTESTANTS VS. CATHOLICS Princes in North Germany converting to Protestantism (no more Pope) Hapsburg Family & Holy Roman Empire in South Germany still support Roman Catholic Church Begins war  Charles V defeats Protestant Princes, but can’t get them to convert back In France, Catholics vs. Huguenots (Fr. Protestants) went to war frequently

DON’T WRITE THIS DOWN , you already have this information! STILL FIGHTING DON’T WRITE THIS DOWN , you already have this information! PEACE OF AUGSBURG= says each state’s ruler free to choose religion Peace short-lived  Small states around Holy Roman Empire converting to Protestantism; tensions high Leads to THIRTY YEARS’ WAR

CATHOLIC REFORMATION Movement to help keep Catholics stay loyal COUNTER-REFORMATION: Catholic church has lost so many people Ignatius of Loyola creates Society of Jesus (JESUITS) to spread Catholic word again & stop Protestantism Sent out INDEX OF FORBIDDEN BOOKS

LEGACY OF THE REFORMATION 1. Protestant churches flourish 2. Religion no longer unites Europe 3. Individual monarchs & states gain power (church declines) 4. Helped set stage for modern world

COUNCIL OF TRENT Catholic bishops agreed on these doctrines: 1. Church’s interpretation of Bible was final 2. Christians need BOTH faith and good works for salvation (opposite of Luther) 3. Bible and Church are equal authorities 4. Indulgences are valid expressions of faith (but false selling was banned)

The Counter Reformation Pope says, “People are leaving the church. How do we get them back?” Pope Paul III & the Council of Trent Apologize for wrongdoing Revise church beliefs – no more indulgences Need BOTH faith & good works for salvation Bible & church are equal authorities Create new priests – Jesuits (highly educated) Start the Inquisition – arrest/torture/kill heretics

Methods of the Inquisition

Baptist & Presbyterian Christianity Roman Catholic Protestantism Anglican Methodist Calvinist Baptist & Presbyterian Lutheran Church of Scientology Eastern Orthodox Divisions of Christianity