Connections between the recognition of non-formal and informal learning and National Qualification Frameworks - consequences for VET Dr. Silvia Annen Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training, Germany Apprenticeship in a Globalised World: Premises, Promises and Pitfalls Johannesburg, South Africa Dr. Silvia Annen, Section 4.2

Dr. Silvia Annen, Section 4.2 Overview Methodology and theoretical basis Research question Typology of recognition approaches Results of the analysis of selected approaches (EVC, NVQs, Realkompetanse, VAE) Aims and institutional arrangement of recognition approaches Connections between recognition approaches and NQFs Final remarks and recommendations Dr. Silvia Annen, Section 4.2

Methodological Design Literature research Analysis of documents (e.g. handbooks, guidelines, quality assurance material, compendia and laws) 24 Interviews acording to a manual: Important key persons (played decisive role in the development or the implementation of the approach) Validation of the results of the above analyses Ascertainment of the practical experiences with the approaches Criteria-based comparison of the approaches Dr. Silvia Annen, Section 4.2

Criteria for the analysis Pedagogical dimension Methodology Understanding of competences Institutional and political dimension Stakeholders Norms und standards Rights of disposal Coordination Origin Objectives Dr. Silvia Annen, Section 4.2

Overview and Systematization of the process of recognition Silvia Annen, Section 4.2

Typology of Recognition Approaches Type „Integration“ Type „Autonomy“ Type „Secondation“ Obtainment of certificates/qualifications of the formal educational system Obtainment of certificates without any equivalence in the formal educational system, limited entitlements No or limited obtainment of certificates or direct entitlements within the formal educational system Formal Non-formal Informal Summative and formative Summative Formative Assessment of equivalences Tests, performance measurements Competence balances, Portfolios Norm-orientated Criteria-orientated Individual-orientated Silvia Annen, Section 4.2

Research Question It is statable that in connection with the development of NQFs a couple of typologies with relevance for the recognition of non-formal and informal learning were developed (e.g. Schneeberger/Schlögl/Neubauer 2009) In the context of the above study it became apparent that there are especially connections between approaches belonging to the type ‘Integration’ and NQFs NQFs are an important reference point for the formal recognition of competences Central question: How are integrative approaches towards recognition and NQFs conceptually and practically connected and what does their design mean for VET? Silvia Annen, Section 4.2

Methodological design of the approaches Silvia Annen, Section 4.2

Institutional design of the approaches Silvia Annen, Section 4.2

Aims and institutional arrangement of recognition approaches All analysed approaches towards recognition pursue three goals: Advancement of lifelong learning Facilitation of the individuals’ employability Formal qualification of the individuals Norway and Netherlands: regarding advancement of lifelong learning very positive because of facilitating wide scope of possible standards as reference points for recognition (corresponding with broad concept regarding recognition of competences) England and France: have further developed their NQFs Concept of lifelong learning supported by all approaches because of individual right to use - in France and Norway even anchored within formal law The summative orientation eases certification and formal recognition. The third party assessment is also necessary because of the objective to lead to formal recognition. But the methods of the third party assessment within the approaches are more oriented towards non-formal and informal learning like portfolio assessment or observation while working, which supports the concept of lifelong learning and the learning outcomes orientation. Silvia Annen, Section 4.2

Aims and institutional arrangement of recognition approaches Facilitation individuals’ employability Norway and Netherlands: approaches involve stakeholders of any sector – formal educational system, private sector and non-profit sector England: approach pays high attention towards private sector France: approach mainly focuses on formal system Norwegian, Dutch and English approach allow vocational standards as reference Strong involvement of stakeholders of private sector promotes their acceptance within this context

Aims and institutional arrangement of recognition approaches Formal qualification of the individuals: Consistent that all approaches engage stakeholders of formal educational system All approaches mainly oriented towards national educational standards and assessment standards regarding process and output (necessary to lead to a formal qualification) Except English approach (based on system of institutional accreditation) all leave rights of awarding qualifications up to stakeholders of the formal educational system which abets acceptance of the approaches All approaches are coordinated via networks; to guarantee uniformity hierarchical coordination mechanisms also used (mainly formal laws like in France and Norway)

Connections between recognition approaches and NQFs - national Rather diverse relationships between the national design of the recognition approaches and corresponding NQFs France: Conceptual points of reference between recognition approach and NQF French NQF (RNCP) plays decisive role within national recognition approach recognition (VAE); all qualifications registered in RNCP must be acquirable through VAE Registration in RNCP furthermore necessary for financing VAE England: To certain extent also connection between NVQs and QCF (Qualifications and Credit Framework); based on a national standard NVQs document that a candidate is competent within a certain area which is fixed within the QCF Learning outcomes approach (whose use is required within QCF) is closely linked to use of recognition of prior learning QCF works as superior structuring instrument, but is only limited suitable as information instrument Silvia Annen, Section 4.2

Connections between recognition approaches and NQFs - national Netherlands: NLQF as instrument to further strengthen role of Dutch EVC-approach as integrated part of qualifications system and strengthen basis of learning outcomes and competence approach for existing validation system as well as education and training in general ECV-procedures mainly directed towards formal recognition (NQF as reference) Dutch NQF as basis for competence-oriented formulation of qualification profiles Norway: By using the learning outcomes approach to describe all qualifications the NKR has potential regarding development of new instruments for valuing competences acquired outside the formal system One important reason to use learning outcomes is encouraging the consistency of curricula to support the validation of non-formal and informal learning Because curricula are references for validation the shift towards learning outcomes influences the way validation is carried out Development of NQF went along with paying attention towards recognition of learning outcomes Netherlands and Norway: Recognition approaches and comprehensive NQFs try to integrate the labour market and recognise learning outcomes acquired in vocational contexts Source: Cedefop 2012

Connections between recognition approaches and NQFs - general Aims connected with recognition approaches and NQFs partly correspond to each other Competence concepts used within both instruments are often rather similar and open towards different learning contexts In analysed countries the implementation of recognition approaches as well as NQFs goes along with a stronger orientation towards learning outcomes, which results in also outcome-orientated vocational norms and standards Points of reference also regarding institutional aspects: e.g. involved stakeholders are partly the same and the relevant networks between them are similar Silvia Annen, Section 4.2

Consequences for VET Activities towards further development of recognition approaches promote acceptance and meaning of experiential (vocational) learning As NQFs in some countries try to build a connection between educational sub systems (France and England) and between educational system and labour market (Norway and Netherlands), they also promote meaning of experiential (vocational) learning Although diverse points of reference between recognition approaches and NQFs can be identified there are still potentials regarding a better consideration of non-formal and informal learning within NQFs

Final remarks and recommendations Learning outcomes approach and validation of non-formal and informal learning strengthen each other In general difficult to evaluate the extent to what the learning outcomes perspective influences pedagogical approaches and learning methods Regarding assumption that NQFs can potentially support recognition of non-formal and informal learning Young (2005) remarks that these promises have not been realized for a number of reasons (pedagogical as well as institutional aspects make formalization of non-formal and informal acquired learning outcomes rather difficult) > suggests use of APEL (Accreditation of Prior Experiential Learning) less for qualifications and more for access On the basis of above results one can recommend an increased use of both other types of recognition approaches ‘Autonomy’ and ‘Secondation’ Both not as strongly orientated towards formal qualification but potentials regarding counselling, preparation and documentation Silvia Annen, Section 4.2

Thank you for your attention! Contact: annen@bibb.de Dr. Silvia Annen, Section 4.2