Fig. 5 Methods for recovering the latent heat of vaporization in solar-thermal distillation systems. Methods for recovering the latent heat of vaporization.

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Fig. 5 Methods for recovering the latent heat of vaporization in solar-thermal distillation systems. Methods for recovering the latent heat of vaporization in solar-thermal distillation systems. (A) MSF distillation (left) and MED driven by solar-thermal energy. (B) AGMD coupled with an external solar heater (left) and AGMD with solar heater integrated to the membrane module or to the MD membrane (right). For AGMD coupled with an external solar heater (left), the latent heat of evaporation can be efficiently recovered as the feed water is warmed by the heat released from vapor condensation in the air chamber before entering the solar heater. Similarly, for AGMD with solar heater integrated in the membrane module (right), latent heat recovery can be achieved by using staged cells. In the first stage, the feed water is heated by the absorbed solar energy, and from the second stage on, the feed water is heated by the latent heat released from vapor condensation in the air chamber of the previous stage. (C) Impacts of the GOR and solar vapor generation efficiency, αηt, on the SWP. By definition, SWP is the volume of water produced per solar radiation area (i.e., the area of solar absorber facing the sun) per time. The black dashed curves are the iso-productivity curves, along which the SWP is constant. Currently, in most studies of STD systems, the GOR is 1 (blue dotted line), and the goal is to increase SWP by enhancing αηt (blue arrow). The red and purple parentheses on the right axis refer to the achievable GOR of MD and MSF/MED systems, respectively (96, 134). The green arrow shows the potential of increasing SWP by enhancing GOR. Solar irradiance is assumed to be 1000 W m−2. The units for SWP are in liters m−2 hour−1 (LMH). Zhangxin Wang et al. Sci Adv 2019;5:eaax0763 Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).