Fungi

General Characteristics Primarily terrestrial Filamentous __________ Coenocytic (aseptate) septate mycelium Haustoria – specialized parasitic hyphae Hyphae

Fungal Hyphae

General Characteristics (animal-like) Heterotrophic absorption (saprobes) parasitic mutualistic Cell Wall:______ Store sugar as glycogen Chitin

Fungal Reproduction Asexual Sexual haploid spores (conidia/sporangia) hyphae (haploid) Syngamy (diploid) – (like us) ______________ (dikaryon) (Heterokaryon) karyogamy (diploid) Plasmogamy

Fugal Reproduction

Fungal Classification

Division: Chytridiomycota Have _______ (rare in fungi) Coenocytic hyphae or unicellular Cell wall: chitin Saprobes or parasites May be most primitive fungi Flagella

Division: Zygomycota

Division: Zygomycota Coenocytic Fungi Mostly terrestrial (live on decaying material) Example: Rhizopus (Black bread mold) Uses: birth control pills, meat tenderizers, margarine coloring (enzymes)

Essay! – probably at least one fungi one plant life cycle! Fig. 31-13-4 Key Essay! – probably at least one fungi one plant life cycle! Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) PLASMOGAMY Mating type (+) Gametangia with haploid nuclei Mating type (–) 100 µm Young zygosporangium (heterokaryotic) Rhizopus growing on bread SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Dispersal and germination Zygosporangium Sporangia KARYOGAMY Spores Diploid nuclei Sporangium ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION MEIOSIS Dispersal and germination 50 µm Mycelium

Division: Zygomycota Microsporidia Parasitic Loss of organelles Cause disease in people with immune deficiency Used as pest control

Division: Glomeromycota Arbuscular mycorrhizae Coenocytic Fungi ________ - associated with plant roots increases surface area for the absorption of water and nutrients Mutualistic

Division: Ascomycota

Divison: ________ Ascomycota Septate fungi (sac fungi) Saprobes, mutualistic Examples: Dutch Elm Disease, yeasts, truffles, some molds Uses: Penicillium, pathogens (penicillin, tumor suppression) food (cheese and soy sauce)

Key Conidia; mating type (–) Haploid spores (conidia) Haploid (n) Fig. 31-17-4 Conidia; mating type (–) Haploid spores (conidia) Key Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) Dispersal Germination Mating type (+) ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Hypha PLASMOGAMY Ascus (dikaryotic) Conidiophore Mycelia Dikaryotic hyphae Mycelium Germination SEXUAL REPRODUCTION KARYOGAMY Dispersal Diploid nucleus (zygote) Asci Eight ascospores Ascocarp Four haploid nuclei MEIOSIS

Division: Basidiomycota

Division: Basidiomycota Septate Fungi (Club fungi) Saprobes, parasites, mutualistic Examples: mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, shelf fungi Uses: Food

Division: Basidiomycota Fairy Rings

Dikaryotic mycelium Haploid mycelia Mating type (–) Mating type (+) Fig. 31-19-4 Dikaryotic mycelium Haploid mycelia PLASMOGAMY Mating type (–) Mating type (+) Gills lined with basidia Haploid mycelia SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Basidiocarp (n+n) Dispersal and germination Basidiospores (n) Basidium with four basidiospores Basidia (n+n) Basidium Basidium containing four haploid nuclei KARYOGAMY MEIOSIS Key Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n +n) Diploid nuclei 1 µm Basidiospore Diploid (2n)

Division: Deuteromycota Imperfect _________ fungi (no sexual cycle), septate hyphae Examples: Penicillium?, Aspergillus, predatory fungi Stachybotrys chartarum Some taxonomist say Penicillium is an Ascomycota and deutromycota does not exist

Lichen Mutualistic - association with a green algae or cyanobacteria and an ascomycota or basidiomycota Pioneer organisms

Ecological Impacts Decomposers Pathogens (30% of species…most plant pathogens). 10-50% world’s fruit lost due to Fungi Ergots on rye (lysergic acid > LSD) Food Production – recycling, alcohol, cheese, truffles Ergots – another compound used to reduce blood pressure/maternal bleeding after childbirth

Worldwide 1/3 of worlds amph suffering serious decline 60% human diseases originate from animals VT Vredenburg et al, Large scale amphibian die-offs driven by the dynamics of an emergin infectious disease Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107:9689-9694 (2010) 10/28/2019

End of Lecture info related to pract I

Plant Diversity I

Highlights of Plant Evolution Gymnosperms

Alternation of Generation Both a __________ haploid and __________ diploid stages in the life cycles. Multicellular Multicellular

Classification of Seedless Plants (Kingdom: Plantae) Nonvascular Seedless plants _____________ Mosses Hepatophyta Liverworts Anthocerophyta Hornworts Vascular Seedless plants Lycophyta Club mosses Psilophyta Whiskferns Spenophyta Horsetails _____________ Ferns Bryophyta Pterophyta Kingdom Plantae – currently defined as plants with embryos) We will treat all of these as “divisions”!

Bryophytes - Nonvascular Seedless Plants Plant is a thallus (no vascular tissue) no true leaves, roots, stems __________________/___________________: Gametophyte (antheridium and archegonium) sporangium (produces spores) Gametophyte Sporophyte

Hepatophyta Liverworts Leafy Thalloid Two forms __________ (80%) __________ (20%) Leafy Thalloid

Hepatophyta Liverworts Gemma Cups Reproduction Asexual (_______________) sexual Gemma Cups

Anthocerophyta ____________ Hornworts Sporophyte Similar to liverworts except for sporophytes Most closely related to higher plants Sporophyte ____________

Bryophyta Mosses

Bryophyta Moss gametophytes grow more vertically than horizontally Essay!

Pteridophytes - Vascular Seedless Plants Formation of vascular tissue __________ (water) __________ (food) True leaves, roots, and stems Lignin (chemical in cell wall) Sporophyte generation dominate Sperm with flagella Xylem Phloem

Lycophyta Sporophylls Lycophytes true leaves true stems true roots Microphylls – small, usually spine shaped leaves with a single vein. true stems true roots ____________ leaves that produce spores Sporophylls

Psilophyta Whisk Ferns True stems no true leaves no true roots

Sphenophyta Horsetails true leaves true stems true roots microphylls silica true roots

Division: Pterophyta

Division: Pterophyta

Fern Life Cycle Essay!