Fig. 2. Genetic differentiation among populations and individuals

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Fig. 2. Genetic differentiation among populations and individuals Fig. 2. Genetic differentiation among populations and individuals. (A) Time of divergence between populations in ... Fig. 2. Genetic differentiation among populations and individuals. (A) Time of divergence between populations in millions of years. (B) Relationship network among Apis cerana individuals. Individual bees are represented by nodes, while their relationships are represented by edges connecting the nodes. Individuals are placed on the map according to the approximate sampling location for visualization purposes. Unless provided in the caption above, the following copyright applies to the content of this slide: © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com Mol Biol Evol, Volume 35, Issue 9, 20 June 2018, Pages 2260–2271, https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy130 The content of this slide may be subject to copyright: please see the slide notes for details.

Fig. 1. Population structure Fig. 1. Population structure. (A) Geographic locations of the sampled bees; ten colonies were sampled at each ... Fig. 1. Population structure. (A) Geographic locations of the sampled bees; ten colonies were sampled at each location. (B) Genetic structure of the 180 individuals from 18 populations. Groupings of samples from two to seven ancestral clusters are shown. MY and QY showed signs of impaired local genetic integrity. (C) Scatter plot of principal components 1 versus 2 (PC1 vs. PC2) for the 18 populations. (D) Neighboring-joining phylogenetic tree with Apis mellifera as an outgroup. Unless provided in the caption above, the following copyright applies to the content of this slide: © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com Mol Biol Evol, Volume 35, Issue 9, 20 June 2018, Pages 2260–2271, https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy130 The content of this slide may be subject to copyright: please see the slide notes for details.

Fig. 3. Effective population size of the Apis cerana populations Fig. 3. Effective population size of the Apis cerana populations. (A) Effective population sizes. Each red line ... Fig. 3. Effective population size of the Apis cerana populations. (A) Effective population sizes. Each red line represents the effective population size of an A. cerana population. The dotted line indicates the historical global climate. Shaded areas represent Marine Isotope Stage 4 (MIS4, left panel) and MIS5b (right panel). (B) Higher magnification view of the effective population sizes during the Holocene. XS, BM, and DQ populations showed decreased/slower growth during ∼1–1.7 Ka. Unless provided in the caption above, the following copyright applies to the content of this slide: © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com Mol Biol Evol, Volume 35, Issue 9, 20 June 2018, Pages 2260–2271, https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy130 The content of this slide may be subject to copyright: please see the slide notes for details.

Fig. 4. Enriched GO terms in genes under balancing selection. Unless provided in the caption above, the following copyright applies to the content of this slide: © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com Mol Biol Evol, Volume 35, Issue 9, 20 June 2018, Pages 2260–2271, https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy130 The content of this slide may be subject to copyright: please see the slide notes for details.