Separation techniques

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Presentation transcript:

Separation techniques Extraction Fractionation of crude extracts

Extraction the process used for separation of the medicinally active portion of the plant or animal tissue from inactive or inert components by using selective solvents

Extraction: separation of medically active potions from inactive ones in plants&aminals tissues) Plant preparation:sample selection,authentication,method of extract.,solvent selection Solubility :it measures the affinity of mol. of the solute over their affinity to each other. Non polar solvents for non polar compounds and vice versa

Order of increasing polarity of solvents: Cyclohexane >carbon tetrachloride > benzene >ether >chloroform > acetone >ethyl acetate >ethanol >methanol >water >acids and bases

Extraction Maceration Percolation Digestion Infusion Decoction Continuous hot extraction (soxhlet) Supercritical fluid extraction(advantages,solvents) Distillation Thermo-microdistillation

Advantages of supercritical fluids (carbon dioxide) : 1-available& inexpensive 2-chemically inert 3-non inflammable 4-non toxic 5-easy to elimnate 6-low critical temp. 7-re usable , eco friendly

Advantage of supercritical fluid extraction 1-extracts are very close in composition to natural products 2-selectivity and viscosity are highly controlled by temp and pressure changes 3-absence of hydrolyss or rearrangement in products

Fractionation of crude extracts Solvent-solvent ppt Liquid-liquid extraction(multiple&single) Counter current extraction Droplet counter current technique Liquid/liquid acid base technique Acellular products(exudate,expression,etc.)

Single or multiple contact

Separation and isolation of individual plant constituents Sublimation Fractional distillation Fractional liberation Fractional crystallization chromatography

Identification of plant constituents Homogenity and purity tests:TLC,PC Class of compound det.:colour tests,Rf,UV Identification within the class: mp,optical rotation,MS,UV,etc… Confirmation of identity authentic &data comparison,synthesis,etc…

Quantitative determination Gravimetrically….calculated as%of dry wt Titrimetrically…acid base(alk.) Spectrophotometrically ex.colourimtric Biologically..ex cardiac glycoides Chromatographically….