Period One 1491-1607 5% of the test

The Environmental Challenge: Food, Climate, and Culture Native Americans enjoyed an abundant supply of meat Some suggest they over-hunted and caused the extinction of several large species Climatic warming probably played a much bigger role 5000 years ago—agricultural revolution Crops included maize, squash, and beans Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to permanent villages or large cities

Similarities Differences Similarities and Differences between Native Americans and English Settlers Similarities Differences Lived in village communities Strong sense of spirituality Divided labor by gender Depended on agricultural economies Did not share the concept of private property Native American children part of Mother’s clan

Test Tip Cultural regions Describe how geographic conditions influenced culture prior to arrival of Europeans

Columbian Exchange animals, foods, people move between three regions Europe, America, Africa Disease also spreads killing millions of Native Americans

Encomienda System Allowed Spain to gain control and seize ownership of Indian lands Enslaved Native-Americans Christianize Native-Americans First to bring Africans to replace Native Americans

Pueblo Revolt Spanish disrupted the Pueblo’s traditional culture Forcing them into encomiendas Pope, Pueblo leader led a revolt Killed hundreds of Spaniards and destroyed their buildings and fields When Pope died the Spanish returned But did not try to eliminate Pueblo culture

Test Tip Period 1 generates a predictable set of multiple choice questions focusing on the following: Geographic conditions Impact of the Columbian Exchange Characteristics of the encomienda system Pueblo Revolt