Toward broadband, dynamic structuring of a complex plasmonic field

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Presentation transcript:

Toward broadband, dynamic structuring of a complex plasmonic field by Shibiao Wei, Guangyuan Si, Michael Malek, Stuart K. Earl, Luping Du, Shan Shan Kou, Xiaocong Yuan, and Jiao Lin Science Volume 4(6):eaao0533 June 1, 2018 Copyright © 2018 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).

Fig. 1 Digitally reconfigurable structuring of SPPs. Digitally reconfigurable structuring of SPPs. (A) Schematic diagram of the experiment. A 4-f system consisting of an achromatic doublet lens (f = 500 mm) and an objective lens (20×; numerical aperture, 0.45) was used to project the phase distribution (loaded onto the SLM) to the ring structure milled in a gold thin film. The phase distribution of the SPPs generated at the ring coupler is thus determined by incident light. As a result, the desired SPP field formed by the converging SPPs is found around the geometric center of the ring. A near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM) working in collection mode was used to measure the SPP fields on the gold surface. (B) A 2D Fourier relationship can be established between the complex amplitude U(ξ, ζ) along a ring of a converging surface wave and the out-of-plane component of the SPP field Ez(x, y) in the vicinity of the geometrical focus. The phase distribution of the initial launching condition at the ring coupler is obtained through an iterative algorithm. (C) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrograph of the ring-groove nanostructure. The diameter of the ring is 40 μm, while the width of the groove is 240 nm. Scale bar, 5 μm. Shibiao Wei et al. Sci Adv 2018;4:eaao0533 Copyright © 2018 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).

Fig. 2 Structured SPP fields with desired intensity distributions. Structured SPP fields with desired intensity distributions. (A) Ring-shaped intensity pattern. (B and C) Elliptically shaped intensity patterns with different eccentricities [0.8 in (B) and 0.9 in (C)] and orientations. (D) Petal-shaped intensity pattern. (A1 to D1) Top row: Target intensity distributions. (A2 to D2) Two-dimensional field distributions (only intensity profiles are shown here) found by our algorithm that approximate the targets. (A3 to D3) Full-wave simulation results of resultant SPP waves excited by the corresponding initial ring phase distributions (obtained by the algorithm). (A4 to D4) Intensity distributions measured by the NSOM. Scale bar, 5 μm. Shibiao Wei et al. Sci Adv 2018;4:eaao0533 Copyright © 2018 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).

Fig. 3 In-plane phase controlling. In-plane phase controlling. (A) Ellipse intensity target intensity. There are two degenerate solutions that obey the in-plane wave equation found by our algorithm that approximate the targets. (B and F) The intensities of these two solutions are the same. (C and G) The phase gradients of the solutions are reversed from counterclockwise to clockwise. (D and H) The zoomed-in areas of (C) and (G) (close-ups of the areas indicated by the yellow dashed squares) indicate that the propagation directions of the SPP waves are reversed. Here, the phases of the low-intensity areas are set to zero to highlight the phase gradient. (E and I) Poynting vectors with intensity distributions in the background [the same areas as (D) and (H)] show that the energy flows are reversed. Scale bar, 5 μm. Shibiao Wei et al. Sci Adv 2018;4:eaao0533 Copyright © 2018 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).

Fig. 4 Broadband structuring of SPP fields. Broadband structuring of SPP fields. (A to C) Rows: Different SPP field targets excited by incident beams with different wavelengths (532, 633, and 780 nm). (A1 to C1) Target intensity distributions. (A2 to C2) Intensity distributions of the 2D field found by our algorithm that approximate the targets. (A3 to D3) Full-wave simulation results of resultant SPP waves excited by the corresponding initial ring phase distributions. Shibiao Wei et al. Sci Adv 2018;4:eaao0533 Copyright © 2018 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).

Fig. 5 Discussion of in-plane SPP spiral phase field structuring. Discussion of in-plane SPP spiral phase field structuring. (A) Spiral phase distribution of the target PV with a topological charge value of 40. (B) Target intensity distribution of the PV field is set to the same size as the phase distribution. The radius R was set to be the same as the radius of the eigenmode PV’s main intensity profile. (C and D) Intensity distribution and phase distribution found by our algorithm. The images show that this PV field can be resolved. (E and F) Spiral phase distribution and intensity distribution of the target PV field with a double-size radius 2R of (A) and (B). (G and H) The results obtained using our algorithm show that this target PV field could not be generated on a metal surface with a main intensity profile that was mismatched in size. The energy still flows to the ring position with a radius of R generating a PV field whose charge is equal to 40. But the amplitude in (F) is much smaller than in (D). Scale bar, 5 μm. Shibiao Wei et al. Sci Adv 2018;4:eaao0533 Copyright © 2018 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).