Modern World History Unit 6 Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, and their effect on European Ideology

Scientific Revolution A)Mid 1500s Observations of the real world (made through exploration) disproved the teachings of ancient and religious authorities Scientific community starts to question geocentric theory and other traditional thoughts about the natural world General population supports this theory into the 16th century

Scientific Revolution Essential Knowledge In what ways was the Scientific Revolution based on the work of ancient philosophers? Stop

Scientific Revolution B) Astronomy Scientific Revolution starts with the study of the stars and planets People (Copernicus) developed the heliocentric theory in the early 1500s Did not publish his findings until just before his death for fear of punishment

Scientific Revolution B) Astronomy 2. People (Johannes Kepler) confirmed heliocentric theory using mathematics in the early 1600s

Scientific Revolution B) Astronomy 2. People (Galileo) Created a telescope to study moon, stars, and planets Supported heliocentric theory Charged with heresy and tried in an inquisition Spent remainder of his life under house arrest

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2J0-ZbbrD6U

Scientific Revolution B) Astronomy 3. Scientific Method Evolved as a method of observing and questioning the natural environment Scientists used it to develop new theories about the natural world

Scientific Revolution C) Reaction of the Church New scientific findings contradicted the Church’s teachings Challenges to the church weakened its power and control over people This happened the same time as the Protestant Reformation which also challenges power of the Catholic Church

Scientific Revolution C) Reaction of the Church Church officials feared the people would start to doubt key elements of the faith To discourage challenges and maintain control the church held inquisitions and excommunicated heretics

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zny8CceRno0

Scientific Revolution Essential Knowledge EXIT SLIP 1)How did the Reformation contribute to the Scientific Revolution? 2)How did these new scientific advancements change the way people thought about the world during the 16th Century? STOP

Enlightenment Age of Enlightenment/Reason Cultural movement of intellectuals in 18th century Europe and America Purpose was to reform society and improve knowledge New ways of thinking in science and political and social thought

Enlightenment Age of Enlightenment/Reason Was based on the ideas advanced during the Scientific Revolution Promoted the importance of the individual person

Enlightenment B) Politics Political theorists (French philosophes) wrote about systems of government Many believed the best form of government was a monarchy in which the ruler respected the rights of the people Tried to influence rulers

Enlightenment Thomas Hobbes Political writings supported absolute monarchies or strong governments A social contract requires people to give up their rights to government in exchange for order and security

Enlightenment John Locke All people have the right to life, liberty, and property (natural rights) The purpose of government was to protect those rights If government fails to protect those rights, people have a right to overthrow it This idea inspired the American and French Revolutions

Enlightenment Voltaire Jean-Jacques Rousseau promoted tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech Jean-Jacques Rousseau stated a legitimate government came from the consent of the governed

Enlightenment Montesquieu Cesare Beccaria emphasized the need for separation of powers and checks and balances which became the basis for the United States Constitution Cesare Beccaria argued against capital punishment and torture and for the right to a speedy trial

State of Nature The state of nature is a concept in moral and political philosophy used in religion, social contract theories and international law to denote the hypothetical conditions of what the lives of people might have been like before societies came into existence. There must have been a time before organized societies existed, and this presumption raises questions such as: "What was life like before civil society?"; "How did government first emerge from such a starting position?," and; "What are the hypothetical reasons for entering a state of society by establishing a Nation-state?".

Enlightenment Enlightened Despots Some rulers made reforms based on enlightenment values but were unwilling to give up much political power Frederick the Great allowed religious freedom, improved schools, reformed the justice system but did not end serfdom

STOP Enlightenment Essential Knowledge Explain the impact the Enlightenment had on changing the political structure of Europe (absolute monarchs vs. enlightened despots). STOP

Constitutionalism Existing political Systems Monarchy power was derived through divine right of kings A theocracy’s power was derived from a set of religious beliefs Dictatorship power was derived from the will of one person or group of people and their ideology (not necessarily the will of the people)

Constitutionalism Developed in opposition to other forms of government Constitutionalism-- Idea that government does not gain power from itself, but through a set of written laws that give the established government certain powers

Constitutionalism Power of government is limited Government officials cannot act against their own constitution Constitutional law is the highest body of law in the land which all citizens including the government are subject Many gov’ts are constitutional today

STOP Constitutionalism Essential Knowledge How is a constitutional government different from a monarchy? STOP

Social Equality Social Equality Enlightenment ideas sparked moves for social equality Concept that all members of society should have equal treatment, opportunity, and access to resources

Social Equality Different groups have interpreted the role of government in social equality (European liberal approach) Politically all people deserve equal rights and treatment

Social Equality Socialist Approach Proposes a society (or gov’t) should specifically direct its resources toward promoting equality of wealth Argue that wealth confers power, and without addressing income inequalities there can be no social equality

Social Equality Socialist Approach Others argue that social equality may not always be possible, but societies can find a way to minimize inequality

STOP Social Equality Essential Knowledge Explain the concept of social equality that developed during the Enlightenment. STOP

Nationalism Nationalism is the belief that people with a common ethnic ancestry, shared language, culture, history, and religion have the right to a state of their own (to be ruled by their own people, on their own land) Nation-states are countries made up of these groups of people

Nationalism A sense of nationalism combined with inspiration from the Enlightenment inspired the American Revolution Nationalist revolutions across Europe in the 1800s were largely unsuccessful (led to the breakdown of empires in the 1900s/World War I)