Representative scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of unseeded titanium plasma spray (TPS) coated and additive manufactured (AM) discs (top left),

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Representative scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of unseeded titanium plasma spray (TPS) coated and additive manufactured (AM) discs (top left), discs after three weeks of culture with hFOB cells (bottom left), and of human cancellous bone allograft to show target surface topography (top right). Representative scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of unseeded titanium plasma spray (TPS) coated and additive manufactured (AM) discs (top left), discs after three weeks of culture with hFOB cells (bottom left), and of human cancellous bone allograft to show target surface topography (top right). Representative SEM images of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (HA) coating on an AM disc (bottom right). Regina F. MacBarb et al. Int J Spine Surg 2017;11:15 Copyright © 2017 ISASS - This manuscript is generously published free of charge by ISASS, the International Society for the Advancement of Spine Surgery