Rocks will bend or break due to many stresses: Examples: Compression (pushing together) Tension (pulling apart) Causes: Plate Tectonics, Volcanoes, Temperature, Rock Type, etc.

When rocks on either side of a fracture move relative to each other the process is known as faulting At the moment of fracture, energy may be released, causing an earthquake The fracture surface along which 2 sides of a fault move is called the fault plane

Anticline Monocline Syncline

Normal Fault: Tension, Pulls apart

Reverse Fault, Compression, Pushes together

Graben Fault or Rift Valley: Formed when two normal faults pull apart.

Block Mountains or Horst: Occur when two reverse faults push together.

If the movement along a fault plane is horizontal, it is known as a strike-slip fault This is the same as a transform fault: two side move laterally past each other

Fossil Fuels –this is from chapter 7 Fossil Fuels –this is from chapter 7. Yes, I know I skipped a few chapters. Remain calm. Fossil fuels were created from the remains of ancient living organisms They are considered non-renewable, because they are not being produced anymore Fossil fuels include coal, oil and natural gas

Coal Coal is formed from the remains of plant matter Most was formed around 300 million years ago, when much of the earth was covered in swamps and vegetation As the plants died, they were covered by layers of sediment (small particles of rock) which prevented them from rotting Over time more layers of sediment covered them and heat and pressure transformed the vegetation into coal

The first step of conversion is a substance called peat The first step of conversion is a substance called peat. Peat burns, but does not produce much energy With more pressure, peat is converted into lignite With more compaction, the carbon content increases and it forms into other forms of coal Bituminous and anthracite coal are high in carbon and burn well

Oil and Natural Gas Oil is formed from the remains of microscopic sea creatures that died and settled on shallow ocean floors They are buried under layers of sediment Over time more sediment accumulates and subjects the remains to intense heat and pressure, which causes chemical change Over time the oil changes from thick, tar-like goo to lighter compounds. Given enough time it will develop into natural gas Natural gas is what you use to cook with

Draw and label diagrams for each of the following: Normal Fault, Reverse Fault, Horst, Graben In your own words, explain how coal is formed In your own words, explain how oil and natural gas are formed.