Energy transition(s) in the Western Mediterranean: the case of the Maghreb countries [1] Show to what extent energy issues at euromediterranean and national levels overlap and which pattern of deployment of renewable energy was initially promoted [2] Highlight the models of low-carbon energy transition which are emerging in the Maghreb countries, as far as space and stakeholders are concerned [3] Make Recommendations

Euro-mediterranean scale [1] Overlapping scales Euro-mediterranean scale Energy supply Energy regional integration Climate emergency Morocco Algeria Tunisia Maghreb scale Meeting growing electricity demand Diversifying energy-mix to break with dependency on hydrocarbons Industrial development strategy

[1] Overlapping scales : The Mediterranean electric ring ENTSO-E block Turkish block Syria Jordan Lebanon Libya Egypt LEJSL block COMELEC block Morocco Algeria Tunisia

Euro-mediterranean scale [2] Overlapping scales Euro-mediterranean scale Supply security Energy regional integration Climate emergency Morocco Algeria Tunisia Maghreb scale Meeting growing electricity demand Diversifying energy-mix to break with dependency on hydrocarbons Industrial development strategy

[2] Overlapping scales Plans/Programs Main goals Morocco Tunisia   Plans/Programs Main goals Morocco → Solar Moroccan Plan (PSM) (started in 2009) → Moroccan integrated project of Wind energy (Started in 2010) → RE : 42% of total installed capacity by 2020 (including hydroelec.) 2000 MW (Solar) 2000 MW (Wind) Tunisia → Tunisian Solar Plan (PST) (Started in 2009, updated in 2013) → RE: 30 % of national energy-mix by 2030. Algeria → National Program of Renewable energy and Energy Efficiency (PNEREE] (started in 2011, updated in 2015) → RE: 22 000 MW by 2030, of which 10 000 MW for export ∟ [2015-2020] : 4 525 MW PV: 2000 MW Wind: 1010 MW Cogeneration: 150 MW Biomass : 360 MW Geothermal: 5 MW ∟ [2021-2030] : 17 475 MW

[2] Overlapping scales : a revearsal of the patterns Mediterranean Solar Plan Exports from the South to the North Large-scale projects delayed Large-scale plants Domestic market Flexibility of patterns « Endogeneisation » Dii Medgrid Priority to CSP Multi-dimensional and technological projects Domestic market and export Domestic market Maghreb Industrial integration PV mainly adopted CSP mainly adopted Small-scale plants Failure of the MSP’s master plan 2008 2013 2016

[3] Emerging of national patterns in the Maghreb countries Morocco Algeria Tunisia Centralized Large and medium-sized stations Centralized Medium-sized stations Decentralized Small-sized stations Ground-based CSP/ PV stations Ground-based PV/Hybrid stations Rooftop PV installations Industrial and regional ambition National ambition Dynamic of social approval

Institutionnal inertia [5] Recommendations Projects approach Institutionnal inertia Technological choices