Fig. 4 IP6K1-mediated polyP production by platelets plays a critical role in LPS-induced NPA formation. IP6K1-mediated polyP production by platelets plays.

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Fig. 4 IP6K1-mediated polyP production by platelets plays a critical role in LPS-induced NPA formation. IP6K1-mediated polyP production by platelets plays a critical role in LPS-induced NPA formation. (A) Polyphosphate (polyP) levels in WT and Ip6k1−/− platelets. *P < 0.05 versus WT platelets. (B) LPS-induced polyP secretion in neutrophil-platelet cocultures. WT or Ip6k1-KO neutrophils (5 × 106) and WT or Ip6k1-KO platelets (1 × 109) were incubated in the presence of LPS (5 μg/ml) for 2 hours at 37°C. PolyP levels in the supernatants were measured. Data are means ± SEM of four experiments. (C) NPA formation in the presence of polyP analyzed as described in Fig. 3F. Data are means ± SEM of five experiments. *P < 0.05 versus cells treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). (D) Subcellular localization of polyP in unstimulated platelets. PolyP was stained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). DAPI-polyP fluoresces yellow when viewed under ultraviolet light. (E) FACS analysis of NPA formation in peripheral blood. Shown are percentages of neutrophils (Ly6G+) forming NPAs in whole blood. Data are means ± SEM (n = 5 mice per group). *P < 0.05 versus WT mice. (F) Neutrophil accumulation to the inflamed lungs in polyP-treated mice. Data are means ± SEM (n = 5 mice per group). (G) BALF total protein levels. Data are means ± SEM (n ≥ 5 mice per group). (H) H&E staining of lung tissues. The right panels are insets of left panels. (I) Recruited neutrophils in alveolar spaces were quantified as volume fraction of the alveolar spaces using standard point-counting morphometry. Data are means ± SEM (n ≥ 5 mice per group). (J) Pulmonary edema formation was quantified as the percentage of edema area in the total parenchymal region. Data are means ± SEM (n ≥ 5 mice per group). *P < 0.05 versus WT mice. (K) Lung wet weight–to–dry weight ratio was measured at 24 hours after LPS instillation. Data are means ± SEM (n = 4 mice per group). *P < 0.05 versus WT mice. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t test. Qingming Hou et al., Sci Transl Med 2018;10:eaal4045 Copyright © 2018 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works