Singers’ Tragedy VOCAL NODULE&POLYP Zoe Chao 10301010088

Definition A mass of tissue growing on the vocal cords Typical appearance on the junction Nodules: symmetric Polyp: unilateral(单侧的)

Pathogenesis URI Vocal abuse Endocrine disorder Laryngopharyngeal reflux Exposure to pathogenic factors Bernoulli's Principle Inflammatory exudate

Symptoms Hoarseness of speech Painful speech production Frequent vocal breaks Reduced vocal range Diplophonia(双音) Dyspnea

Treatment Rest Training Medication Surgery PREVENTION IS CRUCIAL

There is no music, and life is of no value. Nietzsche Sing we and chant it There is no music, and life is of no value. Nietzsche

Reference · http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_nodule · http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_nodule · http://www.speech-language-therapy.com/index.php?option=com_content&view= article&id=102:childnodules&catid=11:admin&Itemid=108 · http://www.speech-language-therapy.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=a rticle&id=105:adultvoice&catid=11:admin&Itemid=120 · http://baike.baidu.com/view/1291402.htm附壁效应 · http://www.casa.org/node/5397 Vocal Fold Ailments of Professional Singers and Their Prevention · http://www.voicematters.net/ · http://vocaldisorders.org/