STEP 6 RELATIONSHIPS II - P. 221 Mrs. Elizabeth Coiman-Lopez, BAT., MS. Houston Community College – Fall 2018

Authors use two common methods to show relationships and make their ideas clear: Transition Method Patterns of Organization Method Authors use two common types of relationships: Relationships that involve ADDITION Relationships that involve TIME Others types of types of relationships: Relationships that involve ILLUSTRATION Relationships that involve COMPARISON AND CONTRAST Relationships that involve CAUSE AND EFFECT DEFINITION P. 221

Find the statement that is easier to understand p. 222 For instance, are words that make it clear what has happened on that day off. Illustration words, are words the author uses to give examples to clarify the main idea. (for) example including (as an) illustration one (for) instance specifically to illustrate once Such as to be specific PRACTICE 1 ILLUSTRATION P. 222

DEFINITION AND EXAMPLE PATTERN P. 223 EXAMPLE EXAMPLE Number the sentences in order p. 224 Paragraph begins with a definition Using the words, for instance, and example, this pattern of organization includes the definition and examples. Sometimes a dash – is used to signal a definitions Verbs that signal definitions are such as: Is are is called termed refers to When and author defines a term, that means it is very important PRACTICE p. 225 and Practice 2 p. 226 PRACTICE 1 p. 183-184 DEFINITION AND EXAMPLE PATTERN P. 223

COMPARISON AND CONTRAST P. 227 Practice on top of p. 227. Put a check on the item that is easier to understand The word similarly, in the second item, makes it clear that the author intends to compare learning to write a paper with learning to drive a car. Words like this signal similarities: (just) as both in like fashion in a similar fashion (just) like equal(ly) in like manner in a similar manner Alike resemble similar (ly) (in) the same way Same likewise similarity (in) common PRACTICE 3 p. 228 COMPARISON AND CONTRAST P. 227

WORDS THAT SHOW CONTRAST P. 229 Mark the item that it is easier to understand. The phrase even though, makes clear the relationship between the two ideas. This is a contrast word. But instead (of) even though difference Yet in contrast as opposed to different(ly) However on the other hand in spite of differ (from) Although (on the) contrary despite unlike Nevertheless converse(ly) rather than while Still opposite PRACTICE 4 p. 230 WORDS THAT SHOW CONTRAST P. 229

COMPARISON AND CONTRAST PATTERN P. 230 COMPARISON A is like B CONTRAST A is different from B This pattern shows how two things are alike or how they are different. PRACTICE p. 231 and Practice 5 p. 232 COMPARISON AND CONTRAST PATTERN P. 230

CAUSE AND EFFECT WORDS P. 234 These words signal the author is explaining the reason why something happened or the result of something happening. Therefore so owing to because (of) Thus (as a) result effect reason (as a) consequence results in cause explanation Consequently leads (led) to if…then accordingly Due to since affect depend(s) on PRACTICE p. 231 and Practice 5 - 6 p. 232 - 235 CAUSE AND EFFECT WORDS P. 234

THE CAUSE AND EFFECT PATTERN P. 235 EFFECT CAUSE CAUSE EFFECT EFFECT CAUSE Arrange sentence in order Words such as: resulted in, lead to, caused, shows the paragraph is organized in cause and effect pattern. This pattern addresses the questions: Why does a behavior or event happen? And/or What are the result of a behavior or event? The author will tell what happen and also they will explain why it happened. PRACTICE p. 236-237 and Practice 7-8 p. 237 - 240 THE CAUSE AND EFFECT PATTERN P. 235

PATTERNS OF ORGANIZATION REVIEW ADDITION RELATIONSHIP TIME RELATIONSHIP DEFINITIONS AND EXAMPLES COMPARISON/CONTRAST CAUSE/EFFECT Authors presents a list, or series of reasons, examples or details that support an idea. Authors presents a series of events, or steps in the order in which they happened. Authors include key definitions (italic or boldface) to understand the main idea and terms. Authors often discuss how two things are alike, different, or both Authors often discuss the reasons why something happens of the effects of something that has happened. Items do not have a time order, only how the authors prefers. Items are in time order. Authors include examples of the definitions. Signal words for COMPARISON: Alike similar Signal words for CAUSE: Reason Because Signal words: For one thing Second Also In addition Finally First, Next, Then After, Last, For example For instance To illustrate Such as Signal words for CONTRAST: But However In contrast Signal words for EFFECT: Therefore Consequently As a result PATTERNS OF ORGANIZATION REVIEW