The Turn of the Screw Henry James

Key Facts: Published: 1898 Genre: Horror, ghost story A classic story of a haunted house 1 min

Origins of the text In January 1895, when Henry James was in the depths of depression due to the failure of his play Guy Domville, the Archbishop of Canterbury told him the story that became The Turn of the Screw. James wrote in his notebook: "Note here the ghost story told me at Addington (evening of Thursday 10th), by the Archbishop of Canterbury ... the story of the young children ... left to the care of servants in an old country house through the death, presumably, of parents. The servants, wicked and depraved, corrupt and deprave the children ... The servants die (the story vague about the way of it) and their apparitions, figures return to haunt the house and children, to whom they seem to beckon ... It is all obscure and imperfect, the picture, the story, but there is a suggestion of strangely gruesome effect in it. The story to be told ... by an outside spectator, observer.“ https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/jun/03/fiction.colmtoibin 3 minutes Summary of opening of novel: setting the scene Read and discuss briefly

Critical commentary: http://www. inquiriesjournal Critical commentary: http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/65/literary-analysis-turn-of-the-screw Unreliable narrator / frame narrative / psychoanalysis https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/jun/03/fiction.colmtoibin 5 minutes Read opening 3 paragraphs of Inquiries article: Unreliable narrator / frame narrative / psychoanalysis

“He was the same--he was the same, and seen, this time, as he had been seen before, from the waist up, the window, though the dining room was on the ground floor, not going down to the terrace on which he stood. His face was close to the glass, yet the effect of this better view was, strangely, only to show me how intense the former had been. He remained but a few seconds--long enough to convince me he also saw and recognized; but it was as if I had been looking at him for years and had known him always. Something, however, happened this time that had not happened before; his stare into my face, through the glass and across the room, was as deep and hard as then, but it quitted me for a moment during which I could still watch it, see it fix successively several other things. On the spot there came to me the added shock of a certitude that it was not for me he had come there. He had come for someone else.” (Chapter 4) 5 minutes Summary of opening of novel: setting the scene Read and discuss briefly Could look for: The uncanny, the unexplained as a feature of the gothic Confusion of narrative style Significance of eyes, of the eyewitness The narrative hook in the final sentence Ambiguity and lack of clarity over what is seen

Possible links: The Woman in Black, Rebecca (Supernatural, unreliable narrators, good vs evil) Dracula (Storytelling / narrative frames, Gothic, Good vs evil) Jane Eyre, Rebecca (female narrators) Rebecca, The Go-Between, Jane Eyre, Great Expectations, Jude the Obscure, Dracula (gothic settings, houses) Possible aspects: Unreliable narrator Supernatural Secrets Gothic Storytelling Good vs evil Appearance vs reality Youth and innocence Class Female narrators Settings

Nonetheless, the rest of the day I watched for further occasion to approach my colleague, especially as, toward evening, I began to fancy she rather sought to avoid me. I overtook her, I remember, on the staircase; we went down together, and at the bottom I detained her, holding her there with a hand on her arm. “I take what you said to me at noon as a declaration that YOU’VE never known him to be bad.” She threw back her head; she had clearly, by this time, and very honestly, adopted an attitude. “Oh, never known him—I don’t pretend THAT!” I was upset again. “Then you HAVE known him—?” “Yes indeed, miss, thank God!” On reflection I accepted this. “You mean that a boy who never is—?” “Is no boy for ME!” I held her tighter. “You like them with the spirit to be naughty?” Then, keeping pace with her answer, “So do I!” I eagerly brought out. “But not to the degree to contaminate—” “To contaminate?”—my big word left her at a loss. I explained it. “To corrupt.” She stared, taking my meaning in; but it produced in her an odd laugh. “Are you afraid he’ll corrupt YOU?” She put the question with such a fine bold humor that, with a laugh, a little silly doubtless, to match her own, I gave way for the time to the apprehension of ridicule. TIME CHECK 10 mins Extract analysis chapter 2: the narrator, the new governess, talks to the housekeeper about Miles, the boy who is to be in her care. Discuss. You could look at: The presentation of the spoken voice Ambiguities and misunderstandings First person perspective Emotional responses Presentation of the narrator