Prostaglandin E2 attenuates the host antitumor immunity to promote the HFD-induced HCC development. Prostaglandin E2 attenuates the host antitumor immunity.

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Prostaglandin E2 attenuates the host antitumor immunity to promote the HFD-induced HCC development. Prostaglandin E2 attenuates the host antitumor immunity to promote the HFD-induced HCC development. A, Schematic representation of the experimental design. Immune cells isolated from DMBA-treated, HFD-fed livers were incubated with 1 μmol/L PGD2, PGE2, or PGF2α in the presence of 10 μg/mL LTA for 24 hours and culture supernatants were harvested to determine cytokine production. Veh, vehicle (DMSO). B, IFNγ, TNFα, and IL5 levels in culture supernatant measured by multiplex assay. Data, means ± SD (n = 3). NS, not significant; *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01. C, qPCR analysis of relative mRNA levels of Ptger1, Ptger2, Ptger3, and Ptger4 in nontumor (NT) or tumor (T) region of mouse livers. Data of three individual mice were shown as means ±SD. NS, not significant; *, P < 0.05. D, means DMBA-treated. D, qPCR analysis of relative mRNA levels of Ptger4 in each cell type isolated from the liver. Data, means ± SD (n = 3). Tze Mun Loo et al. Cancer Discov 2017;7:522-538 ©2017 by American Association for Cancer Research