Fig. 3. HERV-K–induced neuronal toxicity in vivo.

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Fig. 3. HERV-K–induced neuronal toxicity in vivo. HERV-K–induced neuronal toxicity in vivo. (A) Coronal sections of wild-type (WT) and HERV-K env transgenic (Tg) mice were immunostained for HERV-K env (red) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (purple). DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (blue). (B) Enlarged images of cerebral cortex. (C to G) Golgi impregnated mouse pyramidal neurons show that (C) total dendrite length, (D) mean branch number, (E) dendritic complexity by Sholl analysis, and (F) spine density were significantly reduced in transgenic mice with (G) extensive dendritic beading. Values represent means ± SEM. The number of animals used for quantification was three animals per group. Significance was determined by unpaired Student’s t test. Scale bars, 500 μm (A); 50 μm (B and G). (H to J) Immunostaining for NeuN as a marker for neurons (H), Ctip2 immunostaining as a marker for corticospinal motor neurons (I), and Satb2 immunostaining as a marker for callosal projection neurons (J) in layer V of the motor cortex of wild type (n = 4) and transgenic (n = 3) mice. Values represent means ± SEM. Significance was determined by unpaired Student’s t test. Scale bars, 50 μm. Magnetic resonance images for wild type (n = 5) and transgenic (n = 5) mice were acquired on a 14-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging scanner. (K and L) Regional analysis revealed a reduction in cortical thickness (K) and volume (L) of the rostral part of the motor cortex. (M to O) There was no significant difference between wild-type and transgenic mice for the volume of the cingulate cortex (M), corpus callosum (N), and hippocampus (O). Values represent means ± SEM. Significance was determined by unpaired Student’s t test. The number of animals used for quantification was five animals in each group. Wenxue Li et al., Sci Transl Med 2015;7:307ra153 Copyright © 2015, American Association for the Advancement of Science