Gene Mutations.

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Presentation transcript:

Gene Mutations

What is a mutation? Mutations are changes made to an organism’s genetic material. These changes may be due to errors in replication, errors during transcription , radiation, viruses and many other things. Mutations can occur within a specific gene (small scale), as well as to the chromosome as a whole (large scale). Silent mutations are changes that do not result in a change to the organism

Are mutations always bad? Favorable mutations present organisms with an advantage over others and ensure their survival. These mutations will accumulate in a population. Less favorable mutations are removed from the gene pool through natural selection. Organisms with these mutations will not survive.

Small Scale Mutations: Gene Mutations There are three main types of small scale gene mutations. These all affect one nucleotide in a DNA triplet. (Point Mutations) Reversal/ Substitution (Lucky or unlucky) Insertions (Frame shift mutations) Deletions (Frame shift mutations)

Small Scale Point mutations occur when a single nucleotide in a gene is exchanged for another nucleotide. For example, an A could be exchanged for a T or a C could be exchanged for a G. These mutations have an effect on protein synthesis. One DNA triplet is altered, which can affect one or more codons and therefore one or more amino acids.

A Point Mutation Resulting in Nonsense

A Point Mutation: An Analogy t h e r e d d o g b i t t h e t a n c a t t h e r e d m o g b i t t h e t a n c a t This point mutation changes the meaning, resulting in nonsense

A Point Mutation Resulting in Missense

A Point Mutation: An Analogy t h e r e d d o g b i t t h e t a n c a t t h e r e d h o g b i t t h e t a n c a t This point mutation changes the meaning, resulting in missense

An Insertion Mutation in a Gene

An Insertion Mutation: An Analogy t h e r e d d o g b i t t h e t a n c a t t h e r e d r d o g b i t t h e t a n c a This insertion mutation changes the reading frame

A Deletion Mutation in a Gene

An Deletion Mutation: An Analogy t h e r e d d o g b i t t h e t a n c a t t h e r e d o g b i t t h e t a n c a t _ This deletion mutation changes the reading frame

A Frameshift Mutation

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