Write on a new divider... Did the British want to decolonise? Government attitudes Public attitudes Kenya Kenyatta and Nkrumah Clairification – Macmillan’s Audit of Empire demonstrated that Britain was only making a small profit from colonisation.

How did political attitudes towards decolonisation change over time How did political attitudes towards decolonisation change over time? C aim – to explain how it changed B aim - to explain how it changed and explain reasons why A aim – to explain how and give supported reasons why From your Britain unit which parties were in power from 1945 to 1970? What would these parties have traditionally thought of colonisation? Under which party would you have expected most decolonisation to occur? When did most decolonisation occur? Labour 1945-1951 Conservatives 1951-1964 Labour 1964-1970 Ghana – 1957 Nigeria – 1960 Somalia – 1960 Kenya – 1963 Gambia - 1965

Labour 1945-1951 What would they traditionally think of imperialism? But what did they actually do? So, why did they maintain the colonies from 1945-1951? Bevin ‘More completely than ever before economics and empire had come together’ Cripps said “we should increase out of all recognition the tempo of African economic development....boosting production of anything....that will save dollars or will sell in a dollar market”. Groundnuts and Tanganyika, eggs and the Gambia It was estimated that the colonies could provide an extra 400,000 troops for the army. Labour 1945-1951

“The strategy adopted by the Labour party was one of unified and distanced opposition to colonialism. It accelerated decolonisation.” Do you agree?

Conservatives 1951-1964 1951 “strong and free” colonial policy as part of the election campaign However, there were tensions in the Conservatives in the early 1950s. Who were they between? The preferentialists – who wanted closer economic integration over free trade, the Suez group who didn’t want Britain to pull out of Suez, and the white-settler lobby who became known as the Monday Club From 1954 older imperialist Tories were marginalised as they failed to economically unify the colonies, prevent withdrawal from Egypt or decolonisation of Cyprus

Labour in opposition 1951-1964... Fenner Brockway and Tony Benn started the Movement for Colonial Freedom. They tried to show the Conservatives at backward looking racists. It is questionable how much influence they had on the leaders Form 1956 Labour campaigned on ‘one man one vote’ in Eastern and southern Africa and criticised the Conservatives for holding onto outdated concepts of multiracialism. However, in 1961, Callaghan said that the party was committed to supporting British interests in Africa and creating a African dominion in East and Central Africa

What are political attitudes like? How have they changed?

Conservatives 1951-1964 1959 election – new younger Tories entered parliament, including Macmillan and Macleod who appeared to accept Labour’s pragmatic approach to decolonisation and introduce black-majority rule and depart from multiracialism. Macmillan’s wind of change speech contributed to this. This kept the older imperialist ‘die-hards’ happy as they felt that ‘decolonisation was the continuation of empire by other means’. What came from above went as the Tories were very hierarchical. The preference for political rather than military solutions led to a blurring of lines on colonialism. It was hoped that the Commonwealth would ‘remain part of a great British-cenrted world system’ where the countries would continue the ideals that Britain had installed in them.

Winds of Change Speech 1960 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sx0sxm9VTs8 What is the message of this speech? How would this speech affect decolonisation? Winds of Change Speech 1960

Labour 1964-1970 Traditionalist Labour Wanted Britain to remain a world power, linked by the Commonwealth “One man one vote” on election campaigns Couldn’t say no to nationalism Labour 1964-1970

How did political attitudes towards decolonisation change over time How did political attitudes towards decolonisation change over time? Why do you think this changed?

Homework - due Tuesday 27th Jan Everyone - write a statement about decolonisation that each political party, group or individual we have studied today would have said. They must be in chronological order. Ali, Iman, Devante, Ishraq, Nathaniel – write next each statement why each party/group/individual would have said this.