The Worlds of the 15th century Chapter 13

Global Maritime Expansion Before 1450

The Pacific Ocean Over period of several thousand years, people from Malay Peninsula crossed the water to settle in the islands of: East Indies New Guinea Melanesian Polynesian Marquesas New Zealand Hawaii

Polynesian expansion was a result of planned voyages with intention of colonization (before Europe). They navigated using the stars and ocean currents. Planned voyages wit intention of colonization. Stars and oceon currents as evidendce of land.

The Indian Ocean Malayo-Indonesians colonized the island of Madagascar in a series of voyages through the 15th century. Arab sailor technique used monsoon winds to establish trade routes. How did Muslims benefit other travelers? They shared trade routes Madagascar ; arabs used the pattern of monsoon winds to establish trade routes; Trade routes were shared;

Ming Dynasty China After end of Mongol rule, China was looking to resurrect its past under emperor Yongle (1402-1422). Civil Service Reforestation Emphasis on centralized government Population growth

In 1405 the Ming took on the world’s largest maritime expeditions in the history of the world. Lead by the eunuch Muslim, Zheng He Southeast Asia, Indonesia, India, Arabia, E. Africa Showed to establish prestige by “showing off” Ming wealth and bringing back tribute. No colonies or conquest Came to an abrupt end. Why? Yongle died Waste of money Focus on Mongol threat

European Comparisons: State Building and Cultural Renewal China was centralized and unified Europe was independent and competitive amongst its states (Spain and Portugal) Sophisticated tax system to raise armies France v. Spain (Hundred Years War 1337-1453) Europe moved away from past (Renaissance) China moved toward the past (Confucianism)

European Comparisons: Maritime Voyaging Europe had four ships China had hundreds Europe was seeking wealth and converts America and S.E. Asia China did not need wealth, allies, or converts European voyages had a signifigant effect on world power. Chinese voyages ended with no long lasting effects.

The Atlantic Ocean Vikings During 10th century Iceland, Greenland, Newfoundland How did climate effect their voyages? Sailed in warm weather Warm = good, Cold= bad

African Attempts Genoa and Portugal Genoa 1291 Mali 1300s Madeiras Azores Canaries

Americas Arawak from S. America Lesser and Greater Antilles (1000) Conquered by The Carib in 15th century

The Post-Classic Period in Mesoamerica, 900-1500 population, increased agricultural practices, military, Conquest,

The Aztecs/Mexica Originally northern people with clan based social organization. Established the cities of Tenochtitlan and Tlateloco (present Mexico City) around 1325. Monarchy-no absolute power No primogeniture Mexico City; twin capitals; DID NOT HAVE ABSOLUTE POWER

How did kings increase their wealth and power? Territorial conquest Aztec Empire increased resulting in: unequal distribution of wealth and commoners lost political influence Agricultural production was increased by undertaking land reclamation projects and constructing irrigated fields and chinampas. Merchants Simple technology: no wheeled vehicles, no large animals to work, no money used Economy Disproportionate income barter Tribute was needed for survival Territorial conquest, unequal distribution of wealth, commoners lost ability to influence political decisions; no wheeled vehicles, draft animals, or money was used; conquest led to more wealth for elites, nobles, and warriors. Disproportionate income, food, wives

Religion Polytheistic Huitzilopochtli, sun god Healthy diet of human hearts to make crops grow. Thousands of sacrifices a year. Hearts, sacrifice of thousands a year.

Andean Civilizations, 200-1500

Cultural Response to Environment Challenge How did the harsh high altitudes affect the life of inhabitants? Organization of labor efficient systems Harsh climate but more consistent agriculture (no droughts) Ayllu- clan held land collectively, obligated to work together for food and supplies them to chief. It caused them to organize labor effiecient to produce enough food to live;harsher climate but more dependable agriculture, no droughts; ayllu- clan held land collectively, obligated to work together for food and supplies to chief. Mit’a- organized members of the ayllu to provide a quota or labor workers for religious establishments, royal court, and aristocracy. Men for hunting, war, and government; women wove clothes and cared for the crops at home. Gave birth and kept working. 4 zones with different goods all exchanged goods through a network of exchange routes; exchange allong ecological boundries

After 1000 introduced mit’a, an organized members of the ayllu to provide a quota or labor workers for religious establishments, royal court, and aristocracy Gender- . Men for hunting, war, and government. Divided responsibilities. . Men for hunting, war, and government; women wove clothes and cared for the crops at home, Four Zones Vertical integration 4 zones with different goods all exchanged goods through a network of exchange routes; exchange along ecological boundaries. They were interdependent.

The Inca Small chiefdom in Cuzco until military expansion in 1430s. By 1525, the Inca constructed a huge empire (6 million). What was the key to their wealth? Strong military; trade Expansion of the mit’a Provide for the: old, sick, and weak System was similar to modern socialism 6 million, Using a strong military to expand its trade. Old, sick, and weak. Socialism-

Local rulers Central rule Control by way of: military garrisons, taking hostages Central rule King How did the king prove himself worthy? Conquering more territory Left conqured people in charge and held they by way of: Conquering more territory

Cultural achievements Cuzco- capital city homogeneous Puma- worshiped Rituals, feasts, sacrifice Cultural achievements Didn’t create, made better Astronomical observation Metallurgy

Inca domination resulted in increased wealth, but also in reduced levels of local autonomy. When the elite fell into civil war in 1525, Inca control over its vast territories was weakened.

Comparison Both: highly integrated political economic systems long before 1500s; women important; highly stratified society; simple technology, influenced heavily by climate and geography, huge populations, conquests ruled by elites; using religion for legitimacy In the Andes, more geographical influenced cultural integration and state formation. Use of domesticated animals, broad control expand vertical exchange system, used more trade to combat the region Mesoamerica; no total dominant ruler, pyramids, sacrifice, tribute relationships and markets, used more technology to combat climate.