What is the long-term impact of the Triangle shirtwaist Factory fire What is the long-term impact of the Triangle shirtwaist Factory fire? How might this tragedy have been prevented? Bell Ringer

Social Progressivism

Muckrakers Journalists and authors who investigated and brought attention to social conditions and political corruption Varying levels of respect Muckraker Journalists Bad parts of society

Muckrakers in Action Jacob Riis - “How the Other Half Lives” Illustrated the destitution of the tenements Lincoln Steffens – “The Shame of the Cities” Exposed public corruption (political machines) in major cities Ida Tarbell – The History of the Standard Oil Company Credited with hastening the breakup of Standard Oil Ida B. Wells - "Southern Horrors: Lynch Laws in All Its Phases” Drew attention to Jim Crow and lynching in the South

African American Equality Booker T. Washington W.E.B. Du Bois Equality for African Americans through economic advancement Founder of the Tuskegee Institute Equality for through political and governmental changes Created the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) African American Equality

Muckrakers in Action Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle (1906) Details the plight of the immigrant working class in the meat-packing district of Chicago Goal: Draw attention to treatment of working class Reaction: Disgust over dirty manufacturing processes

Reaction to the book was not as Sinclair intended – readers focused on the graphic descriptions of the unsanitary conditions of the meat packing plants and the disgusting results of these conditions Domestic and foreign purchases of American meat fell by half Sinclair wrote in Cosmopolitan Magazine in October 1906 about The Jungle: "I aimed at the public's heart, and by accident I hit it in the stomach.” The novel brought public support for Congressional legislation and government regulation of the industry, including passage of the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act. In 1919, he published The Brass Check, a muckraking exposé of American journalism that publicized the issue of yellow journalism and the limitations of the “free press” in the United States. In 1943, he won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.

"I aimed at the public's heart, and by accident I hit it in the stomach.”

Effects of The Jungle Meat Inspection Act (1906) Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) TR read The Jungle and was incensed by the deplorable conditions described in the book. He demanded an investigation of the meat packing industry. Factories got word of the inspection and cleaned up, but inspectors were still horrified by what they found. Meat Inspection Act (1906): Meat would be inspected and graded by the U.S.D.A. Pure Food and Drug Act: Goal was to ensure proper labeling of food and drugs, and to prevent tampering.

Sought to improve conditions in cities according to Biblical principles (charity, justice) YMCA - Young Men’s Christian Association Organized Bible studies, prayer meetings, citizenship trainings, fitness activities Social Gospel

The Social Gospel Settlement houses: Homes where middle class residents lived with and helped poor residents Medical care, English classes, hot lunches, etc. Jane Addams and Hull House (Chicago, 1889)

The Temperance Movement

The Temperance Movement Temperance Movement: Aimed to curb the consumption of alcohol and teach people about the dangers of alcohol. Developed into the Prohibition movement (abolish alcohol completely)

The Temperance Movement Takes Off Women’s Christian Temperance Movement (WCTU) Led by Francis Willard First mass organization among women devoted to social reform  Saw alcoholism as a sign of larger social problems vs. personal weakness Carrie A. Nation Radical member of the temperance movement Destroyed saloons with a hatchet while singing and praying with her followers “Smash, ladies, smash!”

Prohibition Takes Over Anti-Saloon League: The leading organization to lobby for prohibition in the United States Supporters: Protestants, South, rural areas Opponents: City dwellers, immigrants 18th Amendment - Prohibition (1919)

Rock the Vote! Women ‘s Suffrage

Fight for Women’s Suffrage Mostly urban, middle class women Seneca Falls Convention (1848) Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott Declaration of Sentiments Grew out of the abolitionist movement Fight for Women’s Suffrage

Time to Organize! National American Woman’s Suffrage Association (NAWSA) State-by-state laws replaced with national amendment Led by Carrie Chapman Catt Became the League of Women Voters National American Woman’s Suffrage Association (NAWSA) primary promoter of women's right to vote Moved from state-by-state legislation to national legislation It recruited celebrities, both men and women, who could draw attention to the cause. It raised money from members and wealthy donors, using the funds to train and send paid and volunteer organizers into the field to canvass for votes and enlist new members. It specialized in parades and street rallies, with its white uniforms and banners designed to draw crowds as well as newspaper reporters. It built alliances with local women's clubs, as well as state and national groups, and even some labor unions. After success in 1920, the NAWSA was reformed as the League of Women Voters, which continues the legacy. The downside? Convincing men it was a good idea. NAWSA carrying the signatures of 1 million women who supported suffrage

Opposition to Suffrage Difficulty was convincing men it was a good idea Suffrage seen as unfeminine and immoral National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage Helen Kendrick Johnson

Votes for Women! National Women’s Party Occoquan Workhouse Led by Alice Paul More radical than NAWSA Picketed the White House after entrance into WWI Occoquan Workhouse Alice Paul created the National Women’s Party, using a more public method to gain suffrage After the US joined WWI, the NWP began picketing the White House Was jailed three times for demonstrating for women’s suffrage. She went on a hunger strike in protest of her arrest and was force-fed by the warden. On the night of November 15, 1917, the superintendent of the Occoquan Workhouse, , ordered the nearly forty guards to brutalize the suffragists. They beat Lucy Burns, chained her hands to the cell bars above her head, then left her there for the night. They threw into a dark cell and smashed her head against an iron bed, which knocked her out. Her cellmate, , who believed Lewis to be dead, suffered a heart attack. According to affidavits, guards grabbed, dragged, beat, choked, pinched, and kicked other women.

She went on a hunger strike in protest of her arrest and was force-fed by the warden. On the night of November 15, 1917, the superintendent of the Occoquan Workhouse, , ordered the nearly forty guards to brutalize the suffragists. They beat Lucy Burns, chained her hands to the cell bars above her head, then left her there for the night. They threw into a dark cell and smashed her head against an iron bed, which knocked her out. Her cellmate, , who believed Lewis to be dead, suffered a heart attack. According to affidavits, guards grabbed, dragged, beat, choked, pinched, and kicked other women.

19th Amendment: Women are given the right to vote (1920)

Presidential Progressivism Making Progress at the Top

Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal Break up trusts that drove up prices and hurt labor TR - Most Progressive President of his time Control of Corporations Ensure that products were made safely for the consumer (e.g. Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act) Consumer Protection Conservation of Nature Ensure the protection and conservation of natural resources and landscapes

TR the Naturalist TR’s conservationism inspired by childhood adventures outdoors Became great friends with naturalist John Muir Created the first national parks and wildlife preserves

TR the “Trust Buster” Determined to eliminate powerful trusts “Good trusts” vs. “Bad trusts” “Good”: US Steel (Carnegie) “Bad”: Northern Securities Co. (Morgan)

Taft Fun Facts First President to throw out the ceremonial first pitch at a baseball game “Invented” the 7th inning stretch The only President to serve in all three branches of the Federal Government …but get stuck in the bathtub one time, and that’s all they ever remember!

William Howard Taft Hand-selected by TR to succeed him Bigger trust buster than TR (pun intended ) All trusts are bad Attacked US Steel Caused TR to seek a third term to fix the damage done by Taft William Howard Taft

Bull Moose Party Progressive Party Regulation of industry Labor protection Conservation Expansion of democracy (women’s suffrage) Nicknamed the Bull Moose Party after TR

Taft TR Wilson The Election of 1912