CULTURE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON INDIVIDUAL IB Psychology LAJM

Please note! IB Psychology syllabus topics ”Cultural origins of behaviour and cognition” and ”Cultural influences on individual attitudes, behaviour and identity” with their contents are combined in this PowerPoint

TASK Do a mind map of culture Don’t use any assistive devices or materials Write the word culture in the middle of the map Try to compile a comprehensive map What kind of things are related to culture? How can you define culture?

TASK Read pages 202-203 Compare your mind map to the information presented in your textbook

Culture There is no definitive definition of culture “Common rules that regulate interactions and behaviour in a group as well as a number of shared values in a group” (Lonner, 1995) ”Everything learned”

Culture Etic approach Emic approach Studies universal features of all cultures Examines cultures from an outside perspective Emic approach Studies culturally specific features of a culture Understanding a culture from within

TASK Find examples of etic and emic approaches What are universal features of cultures? What are examples of culturally specific features? You can us your mind map as a springboard

Culture Kashima and Triandis (1986) Bartlett (1932) Americans tend to explain their own success by dispositional attribution and Japanese by situational attribution Etic approach Bartlett (1932) Swazi herdsmen have extraordinary ability to recall individual characteristics of their cattle Emic approach

Cultural dimensions Geert Hofstede’s model of cultural dimensions is a modern example of etic approach

TASK Read page 209 and go to to Hofstede’s website and summarize the main points of each dimension in your own words

TASK Go to Compare countries - Hofstede insights Pick one country and examine its scores for each of the cultural dimensions Choose another country and contrast the scores Can you see any correlations between any of the dimensions?

TASK Read pages 210-211 What were the aim, procedure and results of Berry and Katz’s (1967) study? How do the results relate to Hofstede’s six dimensions of culture?

TASK Watch ”10 minutes with Geert Hofstede on individualism vs. collectivism” https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=13&v=zQj1VPNPHlI Pay attention to the correlations between dimensions!

Cultural dimensions Individualism and volunteering People in individualistic and collectivistic cultures have different reasons for voluntary prosocial behaviour

Cultural dimensions Wei et al (2001) Participants did questionnaires for correlational analysis The higher the score in the individualist dimensions the more likely the manager was to adopt dominating conflict resolution style Conflict resolutions styles can be more complex than Hofstede’s dimension suggest Wei et al (2001) Do dimensions of individualism vs. collectivism influence conflict resolution communication styles? 600 managers in Singaporean companies were divided into four groups by their cultural background

TASK Watch ”10 minutes with Geert Hofstede on power distance index” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DqAJclwfyCw

Cultural dimensions Power distance index and behaviour People from different power distance cultures react differently in hierarchical communication, empowerment and decision-making situations

TASK Watch ”10 minutes with Geert Hofstede on time orientation” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8ygYIGsIQ4 Once more, pay attention to the correlations!

Cultural dimensions Basset (2004) Do Chinese and Australians perceive conflict resolutions differently in relation to time orientation? Qualitative cross-cultural study with 30 participants Participants analysed potential conflict situation Chinese data supports the long-term vs. short-term time orientation dimension in understanding behaviour

TASK How can information from Hofstede’s model be applied in schools and in workplaces? Try to give concrete examples or guidelines You can use pages 211-214 and previous slides as source material Save your suggestions to OneNote

What is the meaning of cultural norms to an individual? Belief and behaviour patterns that are typical for a specific culture What is the meaning of cultural norms to an individual?

ENCULTURATION ACCULTURATION The process by which individuals learn their culture in order to fully function within it The process of psychological and cultural change as a result of contact and interaction between cultures The individual and the culture are in bidirectional relationship

TASK Read pages 204-207 How can the culture of honour be used as an example of both enculturation and acculturation? What were the aim, procedure and results of Cohen et al (1996) study?

Acculturation and cultural change Acculturation is one type of cultural change Usually takes place between dominant and non-dominant cultures

TASK Watch Shereen El Feki’s TED-talk ”Pop culture in the Arab world” https://www.ted.com/talks/shereen_el_feki_pop_culture_in_the_arab_world How can globalization be a driving force in acculturation?

explain cultural change through acculturation? TASK Read pages 244-249 Answer the following questions: What are acculturation studies and how are they designed? How does acculturation impact behaviour? What is meant by acculturative stress and how it can be reduced? How do your findings explain cultural change through acculturation?

TASK How can modernization, education, affluence and migration change culture? Form 4 groups Each group goes through all checkpoints in the classroom and contributes something to each point

What evidence do we have to support either of these perspectives? Culture Universalist perspective Psychological mechanism are largely the same across cultures, but experiences and behaviours can differ Relativist perspective Psychological mechanisms are so different across cultures that they cannot be compared What evidence do we have to support either of these perspectives?

Picture sources Please note <> Accessed 11th of September 2018. Grain field 1 <http://www.raahenseurakunta.fi/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/> Accessed 6th of September 2017. Grain field 2 <http://www.earthtimes.org/going-green/food-agriculture-reorganisation/1515/> Accessed 11th of August 2015. Grain field 3 <https://wallup.net/morning-nature-sun-rays-landscape-sunlight-field/> Accessed 11th of September 2018. Wheat field with crows – van Gogh <http://www.vggallery.com/painting/p_0779.ht> Accessed 6th of September 2017. Wheat fields – van Gogh <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat_Fields_(Van_Gogh_series)> Accessed 6th of September 2017. Hofstede’s cultural dimensions <https://www.business-to-you.com/hofstedes-cultural-dimensions/> Accessed 12th of September 2018. John Berry <http://www.queensu.ca/psychology/people/emeritus-and-retired-faculty/john-berry> Accessed 13th of September 2018. Geert Hofstede <https://www.toolshero.com/toolsheroes/geert-hofstede/> Accessed 18th of September 2018. Volunteer work <https://www.thejobnetwork.com/can-volunteer-work-help-your-resume/> Accessed 14th of September 2018. Doctor and patient <https://today.mims.com/7-ways-to-build-a-productive-doctor-patient-relationship> Accessed 14th of September 2018. Happy workplace <https://www.shrm.org/hr-today/news/hr-magazine/0917/pages/how-to-build-a-better-workplace.aspx> Accessed 14th of September 2018.

Picture sources Woman eating with sticks <http://www.travelbeijing.com/beijing-china-travel-tips/beijing-social-and-cultural-customs.html> Accessed 6th of September 2017. Bushido <https://decalgremlins.com/products/bushido-kanji-sticker-vinyl-decal-feudal-japanese-warrior-shinto-katana> Accessed 17th of September 2018. Acculturation <https://www.lifepersona.com/the-5-most-resulting-acculturation-examples> Accessed 19th of September 2018. Shereen El Feki <http://evirtualsummits.com/member/3603/> Accessed 19th of September 2018. Acculturative group <http://www.trendingrealtors.com/Features.aspx> Accessed 19th of September 2018. Modernization <https://www.thoughtco.com/modernization-theory-3026419> Accessed 19th of September 2018.