Putative molecular pathways showing how GSK3β regulates the fate of tumor cells (survival, proliferation, or apoptosis) and influences their sensitivity.

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Putative molecular pathways showing how GSK3β regulates the fate of tumor cells (survival, proliferation, or apoptosis) and influences their sensitivity to different chemotherapeutic agents (etoposide, temozolomide, ACNU) and radiation. Putative molecular pathways showing how GSK3β regulates the fate of tumor cells (survival, proliferation, or apoptosis) and influences their sensitivity to different chemotherapeutic agents (etoposide, temozolomide, ACNU) and radiation. The pathways are generated according to the results of the present study and to previous reports, as described in the text. Positive feedback regulation is suggested to exist between the expression of p53 and PTEN (47). The molecular mechanism leading to the pathway indicated by the dotted arrow remains to be determined. Circled P, phosphorylation; Ub+, ubiquitin system dependent; Ub−, ubiquitin system independent. Katsuyoshi Miyashita et al. Clin Cancer Res 2009;15:887-897 ©2009 by American Association for Cancer Research