Introduction to AP Human Geography – Day 2: Thematic Maps, 5 Themes

Map legend/key For analysis purposes special attention MUST be placed on the map index or legend Identifies: scale symbols color coding

Type? Identifying Features? Purpose? Graduated symbol map Symbols of diff sizes = diff amnts of something Larger sz = more (single men or single women) Easy to see where the largest + smallest of some phenomena are by comparing the symbols

Graduated Symbol Map

Thematic Types of Maps: choropleth unit is assigned color best = use shades of same color darker = greater occurrence of the phenomenon being analyzed strength shows dominance of a trait weakness level of aggregation/generalization must be considered. could give false conclusion must compare “apples to apples”

Thematic Maps: dot density maps dots indicate # of occurrences (crime, cholera) in a given area. 1 dot = some quantity of data Jon Snow’s cholera map London, 1854. Traced cholera outbreak to water pump, link deaths to water. Dot map w/ layers of quantitative data. “Collected the dots” - Where pumps were, where deaths occurred, exceptions early ex. of spatial analysis + use of GIS – (geographic information) can be described using the 3 properties of a distribution https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xlz5VTfATHw 1854 in London – cholera outbreak; 2.5 mill people. Cesspools of human waste in basement City was smelly – livestock, cows in attics Cholera was killing people People thought the smell was killing ppl –> creating diseases; dumping waste in water increased cholera It’s a water-borne disease, not from the air. Jon Snow – local doctor, argued that cholera was water-borne disease. No one believed him 1854 – little girl becomes sick, contaiminates water in popular water pump. Then 10% of neighborhood will die in 7 days Ppl dying within 48 hrs Snow went there asap – to pinpoint where/how it started + prove cholera was waterborne – figured it was a single point source Sno made map of outbreak – found ppl who drank out of pump were getting it, ppl who hadn’t weren’t Created dot diagram map – black bars at each address By 1866, authorities had been convinced it was the water, built sewers, and told ppl to boil their water. Last time London had a cholera outbreak

Steven Johnson Ghost Map Video (cholera)

Thematic Types of Maps: isoline similar data is connected by lines always used for elevation ex: barometric pressure on weather maps Data bands assigned colors = isopleth

“isoline” “isopleth”

Thematic Types of Maps: flow line maps Shows movement of people, information, and goods between places

Types of Maps: Topographic Reflects the Earth’s physical features (terrain, elevation)

Graphs in the form of “maps”: Cartograms Distorts size of a map units to allow comparison of data. more of a “graph” concept than a map = graph in map form More of a 50/50 election

2008 Election Results Land doesn’t vote; people vote.

A cartogram of world population by country shows a very large China and India, but you can hardly see Canada + Australia.

Five Themes of Geography Where? (most basic question) How can this location be described? With what other locations does this place share certain characteristics? How have humans and the environment affected each other in this location? How has this location been affected by the flow of people, goods and ideas? Location Place Region Interaction Movement Insert a map of your country.

Five Themes of Geography mnemonic Movement Region Location Interaction Place = “Mr. Lip” Insert a picture of one of the geographic features of your country.

2 ways to describe location: Location: Where (most important theme) 2 ways to describe location: Absolute or “Exact” Location: Fixed point on earth’s surface. Using latitude + longitude Another type = street address, “townships” Relative Location: Where something is, in reference to something else. Can hint @ importance of a place. Ex. “IL is south of WI; San Francisco is 350 miles north of L.A.; Jupiter, FL is north of West Palm Beach.”

In notebook, answer questions: What is the absolute location of Lane Tech? What is Lane Tech’s relative location?

Land Ordinance of 1785 Div. U.S. into “townships” + ranges - made land sales in NW Territory easier (IL, IN, MI, OH, WI) “squares” to be sold Township = 36 sq miles. (6x6) Each township divided up into sections – further divided & sold. Each township has # corresponding to a distance + a range corresponding to its location east or west of a principal meridian. Important to understanding location of objects in US: highways across midwest, farm field in Iowa, streets in Chicago Congress didn’t have power to raise revenue through direct taxation. This was way to raise $$$ through sale of land in unmapped territory west. (North https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-land-ordinance-of-1785-definition-lesson.html

Location Tools GPS (Global Positioning System) Connects to satellites to tell you exactly where you are on earth (absolute location, direction, velocity) Just a navigation tool; doesn’t make customizable maps – just tells you where you are.

Location Tools (continued) GIS (geographic info. system) Storage/analysis of data in layers Software tool combines multiple sources of info to create layers of customizable electronic maps (traffic, weather, topography, food, crime, real estate) Ghost map/John Snow: (1) map of water pumps, (2) map of deaths, (3) map of exceptions Remote sensing Collects detailed data about Earth’s surface from satellite orbiting planet “remotely” or from other long distance methods. Why might we use remote sensing?? Videos: GIS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=659CESxEb5U GIS vs. GPS - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TXKywo1BKGY What is GIS - http://www.esri.com/what-is-gis/howgisworks Remote sensing - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xIsUP1Ds5Pg Lecture: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jv9QtBrvfY0 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DIkkVL7D2do

GIS example

Geocaching + Pokemon Go https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1YTqitVK-Ts

Video: What is GIS?

Video: How GIS Works https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DIkkVL7D2do

Video: “What is Remote Sensing?”