Human Growth and Development Day #3 September 12, 2012 Fort Omaha 2 – 3:55 p.m.

Agenda for Day #3 Cohort group activity Review theory notes Methods

Review of Theory covered in class #2 Psychoanalytic theory – Freud, Erikson (psychosexual and psychosocial stages) Behavioral theory (Learning theory) – Pavlov, Skinner, Bandura (learning by association, consequence and imitation) Cognitive theory – Piaget, Kohlberg, Chomsky (thinking, morality, language) Humanism – Maslow and Rogers (free will and openness to change)

Theories Generate Research And Are Strengthened By Good Studies. Methods

PSYC 1120 Human Development Research Methods PSYC 1120 Human Development

Steps in the method Identify and Define the Problem Formulate Hypotheses Select Methodology Collect and Analyze Data Draw Conclusions relevant to Hypothesis Report Results Expand to Future Studies

Formulating Hypotheses Hypothesis = statement of the relationship presumed to exist between dependent and independent variables. Cause and Effect implications Must be testable; dependent variable must be measurable.

The more you study, the higher your grades will be. Independent Variable: study time Dependent variable : grades

Social class will influence voting behavior among recent college graduates. IV: DV:

Selecting Participants Who has the data you need? Who is your population? How can you find out what you need to know? Draw a sample from the population

Common Methodologies Surveys Interviews Questionnaires Observations Participant Unobtrusive Simulated Case studies Experimental Studies

Approaches to developmental studies Cross- sectional studies study several age groups simultaneously Longitudinal studies study the same subjects over a period of time Sequential studies

Correlation vs. Causation Correlation – two events or variables appear to be related to one another Causation – one event or variable can be shown to “cause” the other to happen can be established only through experimental studies.

Design of Experiment DV Pretest Post-test Control group Experimental Group Apply IV

Ethical Issues Do not deceive, coerce or harm the subjects Collect data using ethical procedures Protect confidentiality of subjects Report results accurately

Cohort Group Activity How one develops depends on the context in which they have the opportunity to develop.

Questions to discuss Who was President when you were born? The first you remember? If your are an international student or naturalized citizen, tell us what form of government you had and what was going on in your homeland at the time of your birth….. Name some event that happened near the time of your birth? What was your favorite TV show as a grade school child? Who/what was a popular music group you remember as a teen?

Group Activity in Progress 10 minutes remaining Who was President when you were born? The first you remember? If your are an international student or naturalized citizen, tell us what form of government you had and what was going on in your homeland at the time of your birth….. Name some event that happened near the time of your birth? What was your favorite TV show as a grade school child? Who/what was a popular music group you remember as a teen?

Group Activity in Progress 8 minutes remaining Who was President when you were born? The first you remember? If your are an international student or naturalized citizen, tell us what form of government you had and what was going on in your homeland at the time of your birth….. Name some event that happened near the time of your birth? What was your favorite TV show as a grade school child? Who/what was a popular music group you remember as a teen?

Group Activity in Progress 6 minutes remaining Who was President when you were born? The first you remember? If your are an international student or naturalized citizen, tell us what form of government you had and what was going on in your homeland at the time of your birth….. Name some event that happened near the time of your birth? What was your favorite TV show as a grade school child? Who/what was a popular music group you remember as a teen?

Group Activity in Progress 4 minutes remaining Who was President when you were born? The first you remember? If your are an international student or naturalized citizen, tell us what form of government you had and what was going on in your homeland at the time of your birth….. Name some event that happened near the time of your birth? What was your favorite TV show as a grade school child? Who/what was a popular music group you remember as a teen?

Group Activity in Progress 2 minutes remaining Who was President when you were born? The first you remember? If your are an international student or naturalized citizen, tell us what form of government you had and what was going on in your homeland at the time of your birth….. Name some event that happened near the time of your birth? What was your favorite TV show as a grade school child? Who/what was a popular music group you remember as a teen?

Summary Report Out of results now!

Roll Call Report-out Who was President when you were born? The first you remember? Name some event that happened near the time of your birth? What was your favorite TV show as a grade school child? Who/what was a popular music group you remember as a teen?

Birth Cohort or Generational Effects Different generations can have unique experiences Your generation grew up with computers 100 years ago people didn’t have radio Your grand parents and/or great-grandparents may have lived through World War Two or the 1930s Great Depression When (and where) you were born could affect nutrition, sleeping arrangements, your age at marriage, political preferences, etc. In cross-sectional studies or “one-shot”, cohort and aging effects may become entangled © 2009 Allyn & Bacon Publishers

Photo: While undergoing spina bifida surgery in utero, 21-week-old fetus Samuel Armas grips the finger of Dr. Joseph Bruner through the incision. August, 1999

2003 March 2007 “Samuel arrived on Thursday, Dec. 2 at 6:25 pm at Northside Hospital weighing 5 lbs 11 oz and 20 1/2 " long. He was born at 36 weeks but came into the world screaming his head off! He did not have to spend any time in a neonatal unit and came home with us on Monday, Dec. 6.” quote from Mother members.tripod.com/~joseromia/samuel.html

http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,519181,00.html May, 2009

Assignment Finish reading Chapters 1 – 2