Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed) Chapter 3 The Nature and Nurture Of Behavior

Genes: Our Biological Blueprint _________________ threadlike structures made of DNA that contain the genes __________________ complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes has two strands-forming a “double helix”- held together by bonds between pairs of nucleotides

Genes: Our Biological Blueprint _________________ biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein

Genes: Their Location and Composition Nucleus Chromosome Gene Cell DNA

Evolutionary Psychology _________________ Charles Darwin Galapagos Islands Finch’s (Beak Size) Impact on biology Recent trends in Evolutionary Psychology

Evolutionary Psychology __________________ the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increase reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations Mutation a random error in gene replication that leads to genetic damage

Evolutionary Psychology Handout of Traits That Will Lead To More Reproduction (Class Participation) _________________ the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using the principles of natural selection

Evolutionary Psychology Ask the Class In one study ___ percent of adult video customers were female. Most romance novel readers are female. Men ___% Women ___% “If 2 people really like each other its ok for them to have sex even if they have known each other a very short time.”

Evolutionary Psychology Poll the Class More women mention affection as a reason for having first sexual intercourse, Think about sex multiple times per day. Men ___% and Women ____% More likely to attribute friendliness to sexual interest. More likely to initiate sexual activity.

Evolutionary Psychology Men preferred __________________ suggesting youth and health Women preferred __________________

Behavior Genetics _______________ Environment study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior Environment every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us

Behavior Genetics _______________ Identical twins Fraternal Same sex only Same or opposite sex _______________ develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms develop from separate eggs genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share the fetal environment

Twin and Adoption Studies Twin Studies Identical twins tend to share similar personalities _____________________ Think Critically: What are the Implications? Story of the two Jim’s Page 75

Twin and Adoption Studies People who grow up together whether related or not do not resemble each other much. What does this suggest about parenting? Parenting plays a smaller role than initially suspected. ______________________________ Parents make a difference in their ability to provide enriching environments.

Environmental Influence Experience affects brain development Impoverished environment Rat brain cell Enriched

Behavior Genetics ________________ Interaction a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity Interaction the effect of one factor (such as the environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity)

Environmental Influence _____________ the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next ____________ an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior Personal Space the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies

The Nature and Nurture of Gender X Chromosome the sex chromosome found in both men and women females have _____; males have one an X chromosome from each parent produces a female child Y Chromosome the sex chromosome found only in men when paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child

The Nature and Nurture of Gender __________________ the most important of the male sex hormones both males and females have it additional testosterone in males stimulates growth of male sex organs in the fetus development of male sex characteristics during puberty Role a set of expectations (norms) about a social position defining how those in the position ought to behave

The Nature and Nurture of Gender in psychology, the characteristics, whether biologically or socially influenced, by which people define male and female Gender Role a set of expected behaviors for males and females ______________ one’s sense of being male or female Gender-Typing the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

The Nature and Nurture of Gender

The Nature and Nurture of Gender ___________________ theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished Gender Schema Theory theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly

The Nature and Nurture of Gender Two theories of gender typing