Problems of Crime And Order

Historically Crime Ridden Continent - Large population moving to industrialized cities > not enough jobs > theft and arson alarmingly frequent - Steadily increasing because no common law code was established > Judicial Administrations varied from area to area - Widespread confusion and difficult research led to the creation of formal law enforcement

Introduction to Formal Law Enforcement - Professional police forces appear in early 19th century > largest group of municipal government employees > played no political roles - Most regarded police as protectors of their property and safety > highly appreciated - Adopted nicknames ‘bobbies’ and ‘peelers’

Continued… - Common folk were suspicious and fearful of secret police especially in Russia - Some thought police would be a threat to traditional liberties - Police distinguished by uniform and carried either a gun or some other type of weapon

Reforms of the Prison System - Very slow > nobody had sympathy for criminals - Horrendous prison conditions > huge expense to change - Prisoners were sent to either local jails, state prisons, or prison ships > hulks > problem: housed extreme and minor offenders together - Serious offenses in Britain were punishable by transportation to the colony of New South Wales - Serious offenders in France were exiled to Devil’s Island off the coast of South America

Continued… - Auburn system > prisoners separated at night, and allowed to converse during the day - Philadelphia system > prisoners rigorously separated always > led to mental collapse > Pentonville most famous prison in Europe - New goal of prisons to rehabilitate inmates > self reflection, learning trade skills

Conclusion of Law and Order - Creation of orderly society a direct impact of law and prison reforms - Finally, stability was achieved by European political and social elites